tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35425613884984834052024-02-20T05:44:19.278-08:00Write narrative essayLinking Words Essay WritingHarry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-28312099879173756862020-08-25T17:18:00.001-07:002020-08-25T17:18:04.093-07:00Fabric Assurance by Simple Testingï¼ËF.A.S.Tï¼ⰠEssayPresentation Target estimation is a logical method to get a decent comprehend about some essential properties of texture. In this lab, FAST framework can give the precise estimation to show pressure, augmentation, twisting and security of texture. The point of this test is to anticipate how a texture will perform when made up into an article of clothing. For texture manufactures,finishers and piece of clothing makers, they can utilize the consequences of this test as a premise to do texture particular, item and procedure advancement, quality confirmation and procedure control(Giorgio M. Wharf, 1995). Exploratory 2.1 Test Methodology The F.A.S.T framework, which was created by the Australian International Wool Bureau, comprises of three basic instruments and a test strategy. The FAST-1 pressure meter gives an exact estimation of texture thickness at different burden, and afterward surface layer thickness can be effortlessly determined. With FAST-2, the texture twisting length can be estimated by British (Standard No.BS3356-1961). In this test, bowing length is changed over into bowing unbending nature which assumes a significant job in texture handle. Quick 3 is trying for texture extensibility at different burdens. As indicated by the consequences of this part, the capacity of a texture to oppose clasping can be uncovered. 2.2 Details of Samples Examined There are 9 texture tests (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I) which are completely made up by plain-woven. As indicated by the various sizes and types, those nine examples were separated into three gatherings. Table I shows the distinction among those textures. 2.3 Apparatus and Procedure In the test, 5 texture tests (A,B,C,D,E) are squeezed under two distinct heaps of 2g/ãž ¡ and 100 g/ãž ¡ individually. The texture thickness is shown with a micrometer goals on the screen. at that point surface layer thickness can be determined. Above all else, put test An on the reference surface of contraption and give a heap of 2g/ãž ¡ on the texture. In the wake of hearing the ââ¬Å"beepâ⬠sound, record the information appeared on the screen. At that point do a similar oation with a heap of 100g/ãž ¡, record the information of T100. Rehash the means with test B,C,D,E,F. The FAST-2 chips away at the cantilever principle,which includes pushing a texture over a vertical edge until it has bowed to determined edge of 41.5ëš. 6 examples are test in this part (twist A,B,C and weft D,E,F) light remove the street, expanding the length of the example holder is bowing length, which can compute the bowing solidness. From the start, put the example An on the plane of estimation instrument, at that point place a squeezing plate on it and guarantee the front of test surpasses 10mm than the plate. Besides, push the plate and test forward gradually after the screen shows start. Continuing pushing until the green light go to red, at that point push it back to make the light turn green once more. Record the information on the screen. The other five texture tests are additionally tried along these lines. Quick 3 augmentation meter quantifies the texture extensibility in twist, weft and predisposition bearings under three fixed low loadings (5g/cm, 20 g/cm, 100 g/cm). Right off the bat, guarantee the entire test is did at a steady spot. Put all the weight on one side of plate and fix the example on the device. At that point evacuate theâ first weight (75g), and turn the handle clockwise gradually. Subsequent to hearing ââ¬Å"beepâ⬠sound, expansion of E5 is shown on the screen. Next, evacuate the subsequent weight (400g), so that E20 can be estimated. At long last, evacuating all loads, get the information of E100. Rehash these tasks with every one of the 9 examples individually. Conversation of Results and Conclusions Subsequent to arranging and breaking down the FAST information, ten of them can be appeared on the siroFAST CONTROL CHART FOR TAILORABILITY to evaluate their properties (as appeared on the following page). The unique mark of E100-1,B2 and G are in the concealed zones which implies some potential issues affected by that property is shown. The information of F-1 and F-2 which was determined from FAST-2 shows the great formability of both twist yarn and weft yarn, with the goal that they won't structure puckered creases either during or subsequent to sewing. Contrasting and E100-1 andà E100-2, it is effectively to find that weft yarn of wood has a lower extensibility than twist yarn. It implies twist test can move around during cutting, yet it likewise causes issue with estimating, design coordinating at the sewing stage, in light of the fact that E100-1 falls into the peril go. As it was said by Jedda, ââ¬Å" The boundary of bowing unbending nature identifies with the trouble with wh ich a texture can be distorted by bowing. Bowing unbending nature is especially basic in fitting lightweight fabrics.â⬠( Jedda.H 2007) According to the outline, both of twist yarn and weft yarn have a low benefits of Bending Rigidity which shows issues in cutting, taking care of and sewing. Shear inflexibility which is determined from the inclination extensibility estimated on FAST-3 can uncover the capacity of a texture to oppose clasping. For the predisposition tests in this test, they will be handily twisted in laying-up, stamping and cutting, on the grounds that the information of G is under the norm. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-65769435204103689182020-08-22T05:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:14:20.945-07:00Accounting System EssayTaking care of Problems: a. A finance representative recorded 40-hour week's worth of work for a worker who had stopped the earlier week. He at that point arranged a check for this worker, fashioned her mark, and got the money for the check. Infringement: The finance agent just has a position to set up the check, not to signature or got the money for the checks. The mark of finance is the obligation of HR director, while got the money for the checks is the obligations of the clerk, thus, the finance representative has disregarded his/her expected set of responsibilities and his/her specialists. Arrangement: For this situation, we should make know expected set of responsibilities and specialists to the agent. Since the obligation of assistant on this case is just record the exercises occur. On the off chance that all the activity done by the assistant, the representative can make a control or some extortion for instance, that the agent issue a check yet the check isn't for the worker however for the agent. So we should have somebody to control the representative and cut it out when some slip-up occur. Furthermore, to unravel this case we can likewise arrange somebody to be the HR director to put forth this defense increasingly secure from extortion. Also, for got the money for the check we can give that activity to clerk. After isolated this obligation and specialists we can limit the hazard. See more:à Mark Twainââ¬â¢s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay b. While opening the mail, clerk put in a safe spot, and consequently liquidated, two checks payable to the organization on account. Infringement: For this situation, I think the issue, is the reason the clerk opened the mail? I think this is assistant occupation. The clerk work is just going through the cash. So we should make a new position depiction for the clerk and the representative. Arrangement: So we can put forth explain this defense by, first we should isolate the clerk and assistant employment. Make new position depiction for them. The clerk work is possibly go through the cash if there is check payable. However, for checking the mail is as yet the activity of agent. At that point before the check is change to money, despite everything must have consent from account director so there will be greater obligation in exercises. c. A clerk arranged an invented receipt from an organization utilizing his sibling in lawââ¬â¢s name. He sent an electronic installment for the receipt to his brother by marriage. Infringement: Cashier isn't reserve a privilege to make a receipt, the receipt must be set up by A/P staff, and the clerk can't make an installment before they got the task from the account administrator, there is no reasonable set of working responsibilities in this issue. Arrangement: So for this situation, we should make an understood set of working responsibilities. In any case, before that, we should know there is a major extortion that clerk do. She make fictious receipt. To clarify this, we should offer discipline to the clerk so they wonââ¬â¢t be do that any longer. After we clear that issue now we can make another plan of issue a receipt. Receipt possibly can issue if as of now have an authorization from the account supervisor, or other administrator. Since receipt can be dependable if there will be botch in sometime in the not so distant future. d. A worker of completing division wandered off with a few sections from the store room and recorded the things as having been given to the get together office. Infringement: The issue is errorness of the representative. Since he wandered off with a few sections in the store room. For this situation we should make another plan of putting away stock. Arrangement: So with this case we should give the new plan for putting away stock. Representative must be finished move the stock from get together office to completing division. There must be no miss stock that still in the store room. It should all proceed onward. After that the worker is must be given a training so there will be no more misstep like this again later on. e. A clerk changed a check from a client in installment of a record receivable, stashed the money, and disguise the robbery by appropriately presenting the receipt on the client account in the records receivable record. Infringement: This is an extortion issue. The clerk has disregarded the morals of work with do this. This issue presumably can happen in view of the frail inward control, thereââ¬â¢s no close controlling in real money accepting, so the clerk can do this. Arrangement: This is a major difficulty for organization. So for the principal things we do is we should give a discipline to the clerk and give an admonition for other issue later on. After the issue is clear we should have another guideline for clerk so there will be no more activity like this any longer. Also, director must accomplish more activity to control each action of the clerk. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-60523327563644614852020-08-06T23:07:00.001-07:002020-08-06T23:07:02.479-07:00SIPA and The Simpsons COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions BlogSIPA and The Simpsons COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I am not what you would call an avid follower of The Simpsons television show, however I do watch it occasionally and have always been impressed with the way the creators integrate real people into episodes. Recently I received an email from an alumnus of our program notifying me that a SIPA faculty member was mentioned in an episode. Jagdish Bhagwati is professor at SIPA and from what I understand, what you see below is a ballot created on the show to help guess the winners of Nobel prizes. One SIPA professor, Joseph Stiglitz, actually did win the Nobel Prize in economics in 2001. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-11568051235790393352020-05-23T09:47:00.001-07:002020-05-23T09:47:02.233-07:00Gun Control Is It Right For The Us - 969 Words Gun Control: Is It Right for the US? Throughout the past few years, disturbing amounts of mass shooting have occurred in the United States. This is paired with the fact that gun ownership in the United States stays significantly higher per capita as compared to any other developed nation. Lastly, statistics from these tragedies evidenced that most of the weapons used are legally obtained, high volume weapons. It remains clear that as a country we cannot stay at the top in gun-ownership, and consequently have mass shootings decrease. We must examine ways that regulating gun ownership can prevent tragedies. Ever since the second amendment subsist into effect, entitled gun control remains a controversial topic in the United States, especially as mass shooting, homicide rates, and crime rates continue to rise. Statistics clearly reveal that among the fourteen worst shooting massacres that have occurred over the past years, half of them took place in the America. Tragic examples include incidents at the Columbine, Virginia Tech, and an Aurora movie theater. These rising numbers of mass shooting prove that the United States possesses one of the highest rates of gun-related violence among developed countries (Ballaro and Finley, Cook and Ludwig, Dao). Furthermore, gun violence costs the nation about one hundred billion dollars a year, where eighty percent of that money carry on to treat firearm injuries, which taxpayers pick up the tab for (Cook and Ludwig). Stevenson alludedShow MoreRelatedGun Rights And Gun Control994 Words à |à 4 PagesIn recent times, gun control is becoming a social issue in the US after the many incidents or accident happened related to the gun ownerââ¬â¢s killââ¬â¢s people at the social places. Gun rights means the every person have right to take or carry guns for their self protection is created controversial issue related to criminal justice that needed the requirement for the gun control to stop people from killing each other. Moreover, on 2 Dec, 2015, two suspects those opened fire in a California social serviceRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control1712 Words à |à 7 Pages This paper explores gun control through five main articles. There are many standpoints that take place due to the diversity of the articles used. Gun control is a global topic and it comes up in the news all of the time. It affects society because of its wide range of topics it is involved in. 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The media will all say the same thing, and the problem is gun violence. What if one removes the word gun from gun violence, that still leaves violence. Before one can decide which side to support, the information should be completely researched for important, specific information about how America will be affected, and what the cost are for the people protecting their rights. In 1776 Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-72977760016588696172020-05-12T03:44:00.001-07:002020-05-12T03:44:04.413-07:00The Importance Of Proper And Effective Communication... The use and implementation of proper and effective communication channels is one of the major issues that have been presenting a lot of headache to the nursing community in the US. In fact, this is considered to be one of the major issues that has ended up affecting the level and efficiency of the health services delivery (Kourkouta amp; Papathaniasiou, 2014). The lack of proper communication system between the nurses, between nurses and other health care professionals, and between the nurses and the patients is one of the major issues that has affected the quality of the healthcare services offered in various United States hospitals. As such, the identification of this gap is one of the most important aspect that requires the adequate application of the necessary interventions remedies in order to improve the level of service delivery. Detailed Description of the Proper Lack of Communication within the Nursing System The enactment of effective policies that can be used to improve the communication system within the nursing communication is one of the most important issues, which is lacking. This is a very important issue as it has culminated to the ineffectiveness in depiction of the patient-centered delivery of the health care services. In short, the nursing community lacks a proper mechanism that can be used to promote the effectiveness on the delivery of the health care services. Both the pre-services, as well as in-service training of the nurses do notShow MoreRelatedImportance of Cross Cultural Communications1209 Words à |à 5 PagesEffective cross-cultural communication is one of the most important issues dealt with in business, particularly when a firm operates at an international level. Communication is a process with three key elements, which includes a source, an audience, and a channel. Communication derived from businesses will have listeners that include, but are not limited to customers, employees, suppliers, and the community (Caddy et al.). 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Communication is important, as it allows human to share vital informa tion of each other and allows exchange of ideas. In business, good communication sends a message of your companyââ¬â¢s product and your vision to consumers, the government, and potential and existing investors. When you are communicating, there is a complex process involved. According to Bovà ©e and Thill (2012Read MoreRisk Communication and Risk Management1750 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Risk Communication Abstract In this paper, I have discussed risk communication and risk management. In the first part of the paper, I have identified and explained the risk communication management and its significance. Later, I have discussed the importance of risk communication for security managers in any organization. Risk communication can be simply described as an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions; often involves multiple Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-86243000937339555502020-05-06T11:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:47:17.604-07:00Journeys- Robert Frost Free Essays ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s the journey not the arrival that mattersâ⬠as journeys are often a metaphor for that which transcends the physical realms of oneââ¬â¢s travels. It is the medium for arrival that allows for the opportunity for self-discovery. The complexities of life as revealed throughout Robert Frostââ¬â¢s poetry, use ordinary, physical journeys in nature to demonstrate how journeys often reach beyond the physical sense in which they are composed. We will write a custom essay sample on Journeys- Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now Similarly, the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and the short film, ââ¬Å"Harvie Krumpet,â⬠present the plight of ordinary people and the life changing possibilities of journeys. An equally prominent theme is the occurrence of the need for changing paths as obstacles arise and the effect such change has upon the arrival. These texts demonstrate how the intended destination is often not the final destination. The composers, through the use of a variety of literary and filmic techniques show these similar themes throughout the texts. Consequently, the composers are able to present their understanding of the concept of journeys Frostââ¬â¢s poem, ââ¬Å"The Road Not Taken,â⬠is an extended metaphor for lost possibilities or missed opportunities. The persona reflects upon the impacts of a decision and, perchance, what may have been. This is evident in, ââ¬Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh/ Somewhere ages and ages hence. â⬠Thus, the responder can conceive the persona is dubious as to whether the right decision has been made. Furthermore, the text contains repetition of the image of two roads diverging. This symbolises the arising of pivotal moments where decision are required. This aids the responder to connect with the persona as in every part of life decisions are required and choices are often difficult to arrive at. Frost also conveys the idea that journeys have a tendency to flow smoothly whether the outcomes are positive or negative. This is portrayed through the consistent rhyme scheme throughout the stanzas. The flowing rhyme scheme enables the reader to become immersed within, and to concentrate heavily upon, the hidden meanings within the text. Balanced against this is Asherââ¬â¢s novel, Thirteen Reasons Why, which portrays the notion that journeys are impacted upon by the decisions that individuals make, altering the course rather than sailing smoothly along the original path. Asher suggests that the final destination constantly changes as obstacles arise and are overcome, consequently allowing for self-discovery along the path. Asher demonstrates how journeys are not a solo venture. Often journeys commence within an individual but are impacted upon by the actions of others. For instance, Hannah Baker commits suicide after constant mistreatment by her peers. Her journey commenced trying to find a sense of belonging. Unfortunately, this didnââ¬â¢t occur and dire consequences were to be the result. This is evident in the use of ellipses to represent hesitation, reflection and the severity of consequence when Hannah states, ââ¬Å"Do not take me for grantedâ⬠¦ again,â⬠and, â⬠A lot of you cared, just not enough. And thatâ⬠¦ that is what I needed to find out. â⬠As a result, the responder can connect with Hannah through empathy and the understanding that self-discovery relies heavily upon the journey and the events throughout rather than arriving at the destination. Similarly, the short film, ââ¬Å"Harvie Krumpet,â⬠exhibits the similar theme that obstacles will be required to be overcome. Harvieââ¬â¢s journey is one of self-discovery that transcends the physical realms of the loss of his parents, his migration and the development of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s. On the contrary to Thirteen Reasons Why, Harvie retains a positive outlook on life and this enables him to constantly strive for success. Every person is unique, thus, people undertake their own unique journeys. The responder is immediately informed Harvie is unique through the use of subtitles at the commencement of the film. ââ¬Å"Some are born great, some have greatness thrust upon them ââ¬â others are just different. â⬠Harvieââ¬â¢s life experiences are juxtaposed with his near always-cheerful attitude. Harvie must adapt to a foreign lifestyle after migrating to Australia yet his spirit never dies. This forces the responder into self-reflection, considering things transcending the physical realms and discovering the inner strength to continue the journey. However, Harvieââ¬â¢s unfortunate circumstance isnââ¬â¢t permanent unlike the impermanency of nature as revealed in Frostââ¬â¢s poem, ââ¬Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay. â⬠Frost uses this text to demonstrate that natureââ¬â¢s beauty can never remain when, ââ¬Å"Natureââ¬â¢s first green is gold/ Her hardest hue to hold. The effect of this couplet is to inform the responder that often what is desired canââ¬â¢t last. Contained within the third couplet is an allusion to the Bible and the Garden of Eden, ââ¬Å"Then leaf subsides to leaf/ So, Eden sank to grief. â⬠This demonstrates how the perfection the Garden of Eden was im permanent and shows the responder that change is inescapable. The extremely simple diction of monosyllabic words throughout the entire eight-line poem helps the text to flow smoothly in the same way as ââ¬Å"The Road Not Taken. â⬠Frost also uses ââ¬Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,â⬠to reveal how innocence changes as self-discovery occurs. Self-discovery transforms the individual and Frost uses the symbolism of a flower to demonstrate the changes occurring during life. ââ¬Å"Her early leafââ¬â¢s a flower/ But only so an hour. â⬠Ultimately, all the composers demonstrate complimentary themes that demonstrate how it is the journey not the arrival that matters. Journeys are the medium that allows for the transcendence of physical realms and the development as an individual in the process. How to cite Journeys- Robert Frost, Papers Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-21568561985100638632020-05-01T10:52:00.001-07:002020-05-01T10:52:02.727-07:00Business and Corporation Law Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal Question: Business and Corporation Law: Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal. Answer: According to Sir Robert Higgs, When there is offer, acceptance and consideration done by ones own will it is a Valid Contract. 1: A Voluntary arrangement which is written, oral or verbal agreement which is legally enforceable between two or more persons is said to be a Contract whereas when it is not legally enforceable then it is said to be an agreement only. In order to be a Valid Contract it should contain certain elements which are as follows: Proposal made and approval given Aim to perform lawful obligation Price paid for the promise or anything in exchange which has value must move from one person to another Legal Capacity he must be of sound mind not minor Consent must be freely given Verbal agreements are oral contracts which are not written down on paper in writing and are binding on the parties to contract. However, verbal contracts may have unique complications to them (H.G.org, 2016). Consideration Something paid or given in exchange which is valuable Consideration is the price paid or something which is in existence and have value is given by one party to another. It may be pecuniary, such as a cash or fund, or it may be some kind of good or any service performed (Emery Associates,2016). Elements essential to make a Contract Enforceable are as follows: Agreement must be related and connected to all the elements required in an agreement.. The agreement should be valuable "consideration". The parties must show a intention to be legally bound by the agreement(Redlich, 2014). In this situation, as Jane made an offer to give her sports car to Jack , the value of which is $25 000, Jack accepts the offer. It clearly describes that a verbal agreement is done between the two. A car which is of high monetary value has been moved by way of consideration from Jane to Jack as he shows his consent for the same by accepting it. In the above mentioned situation as a car was given in lieu of money as consideration similarly in the case of Chappell and co ltd Lord Somervell of Harrow communicated the perspective that a "peppercorn" could constitute profitable thought (if stipulated by the promisor) regardless of the possibility that the promisor was not attached to peppers and would dispose of the corn (note, nonetheless, that sufficiency of thought might be significant in different regards; specifically, it might be proof of pressure or unconscionable behavior which may render the agreement voidable)(Chappell and Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd, 1960). Therefore, it can be clearly seen from the above explanation that Consideration is present and also the agreement is enforceable as all the three elements required for a agreement to be enforceable are present. Yes, Consideration is present and also it is an Enforceable Contract as per the explanation provided above as to what is consideration and what are the elements which distinguish a contract to be a enforceable or not. As stated above in this situation as there is a intention to create a legal obligation with a lawful consent without any influence; consideration is clearly given from the promise to the promisor which is a price paid (monetary value) and is clearly enforceable. The New Zealand Court of Appeal for this situation confirmed that "a Court just wants just the meeting of minds and does not make an assessment of the comparable estimation of the exhibits or ensures of the social occasions towards each other." Nominal believed is satisfactory (Melmerley Investments Ltd v McGarry, 2001). Yes, in this situation as Jane made an offer to sell Jack her car for $2500, the value of which is $25 000, Jack accepts the said offer. It can be said that consideration is present in the same as a price has been paid for the car to Jack and it is clearly stated above that whether any monetary price or anything which have a monetary value which have been moved from the promisor to the promisee is considered to be consideration. As all the elements needed for a contract to be enforceable are there so this is also a enforceable contract. It takes after from this that thought must move from one person to another. For instance, if promisor (An) asks promisee (B) to pay (C) a total of cash as thought for A's guarantee to B, that will be great thought. Nonetheless, if promisor (An) asks (C) to give an installment as thought to A's guarantee to B, that won't constitute great thought (there is no impairment to B in, for example, case). On account of joint promisees, it is adequate if thought moves from one of the gatherings (Coulls v Bagots Executor and Trustee Co Ltd, 1967). Considerationmust be something which is of value under law. An uneven guarantee which is not bolstered by thought is a blessing. The law does not uphold blessings unless they are made by deed (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). As noted above, thought is the cost stipulated by the promisor for the guarantee made. Cost, in this sense, is utilized as a part of a wide sense; it need not be money related or even of financial quality; while it requires some "impairment" for the promisee, this impediment can appear as surrendering a flexibility generally appreciated, (for example, promising to quit smoking or to concentrate each Saturday night) and the promisor need not get any unmistakable advantage (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal,1893). In Carlill, for instance the Court said that it would be adequate if Mrs Carlill experienced the impediment utilizing the smoke ball as coordinated regardless of the fact that the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co got no advantage (this was obiter as the Court did inferred that the organization did in certainty get an advantage) (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal,1893). 2: In this situation, No the buyer will not succeed in recovering the excess payment so made by him to the ship builder as the amount was paid by the buyer by accepting the term of exceeding the money as asked by the shipbuilder due to the devaluation of United States currency by 10 per cent was asked by the shipbuilder. It was not forcefully imposed on the buyer to consider the same but as he did due to a reason that he thought as the work is in the middle so if he will say no to pay the shipbuilder, the shipbuilder will leave the work then and there and will not work . The litigants consented to assemble a tank as it was concurred that the price, so altered in U.S. dollars, was to be paid in 5 installments. Agreement also required the respondents to give security for reimbursement of portions for default. When the final installment had been paid the U. S. dollars valued decreased by 10%, by way of which the respondents guaranteed to build the last installments by that sum. The respond ents then thought to end the agreement if their case was not perceived. The offended parties, were compelled to pay the additional 10% without bias to their rights. The offended parties paid the rest of the portions and took conveyance of the tanker. It was held that the agreement to payoff was maintained by thought as the respondents' surety to assemble the letter of credit (North Ocean Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Hyundai Construction Co. Ltd and Another, 1978). He also acknowledged the offended party's conflict that this understanding was voidable for Economic pressure, in light of the danger to end (illegal) the agreement. It was founded that offended parties had been constrained by the danger to pay the overpayment. Nonetheless, he refused as offended parties had by their behavior confirmed the agreement. In this case Mocatta J. inquired the powers and concluded that voluntary act'. incorporates each types of coercion or behavior closely resembling pressure, genuine or debilitated, applied by or for the benefit of the person who pays and connected to the individual or the land or any privilege of the individual who makes the payment, He reasoned that such impulse may appear as 'financial coercion's and that a danger to break an agreement may add up to such pressure. Like Kerr J., he dismisses the impediment that an agreement couldn't be stayed away from for pressure other than to the individual (Stone Devenney, 2014). Held, , that the organization were not simply satisfying a previous legally binding commitment but rather were embraced something extra and, in the circumstances, the expansion was thought for the assention by which the proprietors expanded their installments under the first contract(North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd V Hyundai Construction Co Ltd And Another, 1978). That the organization's danger to break the agreement with no legitimate defense unless the proprietors expanded their installments by 10 for each penny. amounted to coercion as financial weight and, in like manner, that, as there was no probability that the organization would withdraw from the agreement to assemble the tank on time she expected for conveyance, the proprietors, made the last installments without dispute besides by their deferment going before putting forth a defense for landing more installments and, in like way, their case failed (Stilk v. Myrick ,1809). Regardless of the way that there is another decision which is being won in a part of the cases which is Economic dureness. Monetary pressure in contracts is the point at which a man have no other alternative generally to acknowledge the conditions so expressed by the inverse party it should be possible by method for debilitating or putting a man in such a circumstance, to the point that the individual have no chance other than to acknowledge the same(Schubert,2016). For this situation it was held, that an agreement went into under coercion is voidable and not void: "... thus a man who has gone into an agreement under coercion, may either attest or maintain a strategic distance from such contract after the pressure has stopped; and on the off chance that he intentionally acted unlawfully having full information of considerable number of situations he was held bound for sanction, or if, in the wake of getting away from the coercion, he approaches no progressions to set the exchange, he might be found to have asserted it" (Chitty on Contracts,1977). In this way, it is reasoned that the purchaser has no privilege to assert any exorbitant add up to be paid to him by the shipbuilder since he had full information about the condition and he intentionally consented to pay additional sum. Reference: (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal,1893). Retrieved on 12th aug, 2016 from: https://netk.net.au/Contract/02Formation.asp Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1. Retrieved on 12th Aug, 2016 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/carlill.html Chitty on Contracts, 24th ed. (1977), vol. 1, para. 442, p. 207. Retrieved on 12th aug from : https://www.icab.org.bd/images/stories/icab/campus/study_materials/knowledge_level/The%20Atlantic%20Baron%20Case%20QB%20.pdf. Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460. Retrived on 12th Aug, 2016 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/coulls.html Emery, R. P. Associates. (2016). Is a verbal agreement legally binding? Retrieved on 12 August 2016 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5626/is-a-verbal-agreement-legally-binding.aspx. H.G.org. (2016). Are Verbal Agreements Binding? Retrieved on 12 August 2016 from: https://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=35794. Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87. Retrieved on 12th August, 2016 from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/chappell.html. Melmerley Investments Ltd v McGarry CA141/01, 6 November 2001 at [21]. Retrieved on 12th Aug 2016 from: https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago036314.pdf North ocean shipping co ltd v hyundai construction co ltd and another the atlantic baron queen's bench division [1978] 3 all er 1170, [1979] 1 lloyd's rep 89 20 july 1978. Retrieved On 12th Aug, 2016 From: https://www.icab.org.bd/images/stories/icab/campus/study_materials/knowledge_level/The%20Atlantic%20Baron%20Case%20QB%20.pdf. North Ocean Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Hyundai Construction Co. Ltd and Another Queen's Bench Division QBD (Comm Ct) Mocatta J. 1978 June 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19; July 20. Retrieved on 12th aug, 2016 from:[1978J 3 All E.R. 1170; Coote B., 'Duress by Threatened Breach of Contract' (1980) 39 Cambridge Law Journal 40; Adams T., "Contract Law at Sea'! North Ocean Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Hyundai' (1979) 42 Modern Law Review 557; https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/1984/3.pdf Redlich, H. (2014). Australia: When is a done deal not done?: a legally enforceable contract, Retrieved on 12 August 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/291480/Contract+Law/When+is+a+done+deal+not+done+a+legally+enforceable+contract Schubert, J.(2016). Economic Duress in Contract Law: Definition Cases. Retrieved on 12th aug 2016 from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/economic-duress-in-contract-law-definition-cases.html. Stilk v. Myrick (1809) 2 Camp. 317. Retrieved on 12th aug from : https://www.icab.org.bd/images/stories/icab/campus/study_materials/knowledge_level/The%20Atlantic%20Baron%20Case%20QB%20.pdf. Stone, R Devenney, J. (2014). Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law.(Edition- 3).London and New York. Routledge Taylor and francis group. The Law Handbook. (2015). Victorias most trusted practical guide to the law since 1977. Retrieved on 12th aug, 2016 from: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/ Thomas v Thomas,(1842) 2 QB 851. Retrieved on 12th aug, 2016 from: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Consideration.php Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-68269284369355309742020-03-21T21:08:00.001-07:002020-03-21T21:08:04.031-07:00Staffing Orgs. (Dell) Essays - American Brands, Dell, Employment Staffing Orgs. (Dell) Dell's mission is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. In doing so, Dell will meet customer expectations of: ? Highest quality ? Leading technology ? Competitive pricing ? Individual and company accountability ? Best-in-class service and support ? Flexible customization capability ? Superior corporate citizenship ? Financial stability -Dell Mission Statement Company background Dells vision of excellence through quality, innovation, pricing, accountability, service and support, customization, corporate citizenship and financial stability is clear. This mission statement is clear and easy to understand. Producing quality work that leads to the achievement of these lofty goals becomes much more complicated than writing a simple mission statement. One thing is clear, the core capabilities of any business stem from the employees that comprise it. With over 36,000 employees, Dell is a member of the rapidly changing and expanding computer technology industry. This industry had achieved enormous growth in the last decade. Dells stock rose 29,000 percent in the 1990s and as of the second quarter in 1999; Dell was tied for first place in the market. Dell faces stiff competition from technology giants such as IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq. With such robust expansion in the technology industry and the economy, it is becoming increasing difficult for companies such as Dell, who experienced a 56 percent growth in workforce in 1999, to fill positions with quality applicants. Dell is currently seeking applicants for positions in sales, corporate finance, engineering, manufacturing, and most especially, information technology. Dell currently hires approximately 2000 employees a quarter. With such rapid growth and expansion the temptation surfaces to simply fill a position with a body. Unless you have a good process in place, you run t he risk of not always hiring the best people. There can be a tendency to say We need people so badly, a fresh body is better than no body, as summed up by Steve Price, vice president of human resources for Dells Public and Americas International Group. To avoid this scenario, Dell has created a web-based Organizational Human Resource Planning (OHRP) process. These processes help a business unit focus on and anticipate growth and staffing needs. In addition the OHRP process allows managers to do their own succession planning, identify key jobs, and formulate competency planning and employee development. The OHRP process also tries to pick out qualities new employees will need by analyzing the skills and qualities of current top performers. This program has been highly successful as Dells profitability increased 59 percent in the same period that the workforce grew by 56 percent. Analysis of current recruiting practices Dells rapid growth and expansion requires recruiting processes to seek out and retain large numbers of qualified applicants. Dell begins its on campus recruitment at selected schools in the fall. The on campus recruitment takes place primarily at schools in the midwest, (Big 10), and southeast, (ACC). Dell typically makes three on campus visits to selected schools and when possible spreads these visits out over the term of the recruitment process. First round interviews take place on campus and prospects are notified with 48 hours if they are selected for a second interview. All second round interviews are conducted at Dells headquarters in Austin, Texas. Prospects are typically notified within 48 hours if Dell intends to offer them a position. Applicants who attend schools where Dell does not conduct on campus recruiting may apply on Dells website. Applicants submit a cover letter and resume to the website. Resumes and cover letters are then entered into a database where they are lo oked over by a Dell recruiter. Acceptable applicants are then contacted via phone for and initial interview. Applicants will be notified within 48 hours if a second interview is requested. Again all second round interviews are conducted in Austin and applicants that Dell intends to hire are notified within 48 hours. Either recruiting specialists or rotational recruiters who come from specific departments, such as the IT department, generally conduct interviews. Specialists from specific departments are generally used in time of peak hiring demand. These specialists are able to use their knowledge and experience to give a unique prospective, as they are the ones Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-83391156331291421602020-03-05T11:34:00.001-08:002020-03-05T11:34:02.837-08:00Impacts of Internet to Youth EssaysImpacts of Internet to Youth Essays Impacts of Internet to Youth Essay Impacts of Internet to Youth Essay The Internet is a family word in the West and is responsible for the broad airing of information all over the universe. It is possibly the greatest innovation of the twentieth century and gives great power to its users ; with great power comes great duty. particularly for young persons. The Internet is a new medium for administering information. It has its ain civilization. its ain manner of pass oning. no jurisprudence enforcement. no national boundaries every bit good as free entree to every sort of information known to mankind. Its possible for good and evil is mind-boggling with the possibility of every family being connected. After the September 11th onslaughts on the United States. it was rumored that Bin Ladenââ¬â¢s Al Qaeda organisation used the Internet to covertly exchange messages to fix for the onslaughts [ Kelley. Jack. Panic groups hide behind Web encoding. USA today. 2001. 05. 20. Available on life. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. usatoday. com/life/cyber/tech/2001-02-05-binladen. htm ] . But the Internet has so far chiefly served as a really valuable tool to convey mankind closer together and to take some of the barriers inherent in the real universe ( such as expensive text editions and far distances to go to see person ) . It has had a great impact on those states that have adopted its usage and provides some sort of step of the spread between First World and Third World states. But what precisely is the Internet? And what are some of its utilizations? And what are its impacts to the society particularly youth? 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Many computing machine literate kids and young person entree the Internet daily for both educational and recreational intents. While the Internet provides a wealth of positive information. there has been increased consciousness of its possible dangers. particularly to immature people. To turn to concerns environing Internet safety. in 1999 the Internet Safety Group of New Zealand was established. The Internet Safety Group is comprised of a figure of Community groups and authorities bureaus. Their nonsubjective is to offer Schools and libraries resources that will assist them educate and protect kids and Young people. and educate parents/caregivers on the safe usage of the Internet. ( Internet Safety Group. 2000. p. 3 ) . There has been much treatment to day of the month about the unsafeââ¬â¢ Internet patterns of young person. Empirical research in this country is nevertheless limited. Auckland Rape Crisis. as a member of the Internet Safety Group. wanted to increase their cogniti on and apprehension of how youth use the Internet. and more specifically what young person may or may non be making to put themselves at hazard as a consequence of being online. Therefore. it is imperative to analyze on the impacts of Internet to youth in Tanzania. 1. 3 IMPORTANCE THE STUDY 1. The survey will assist the research worker to hold practical accomplishments on carry oning research. 2. The survey will open room for other researches to be conducted on the field so as to place what should be done to fix young person to get the better of the challenges of Internet. 3. The survey will besides assist the authorities and stakeholders in policy devising to reexamine state policies refering the use of Internet. 4. The survey will besides uncover the danger associate to internet use among young person in Tanzania. 5. The survey will besides uncover the danger associate to internet use among young person in Tanzania every bit far as our civilization is concerned. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Specifically the survey will concentrate on the undermentioned aims: 1 ) To happen out and analyse the degree of young person consciousness and competency in the usage of Internet. 2 ) To place different types of Internet services and their utilizations to youth in Tanzania. 3 ) To place what are the positive and negative impact of cyberspace to youth in Tanzania. 4 ) To place what young person in Tanzania benefit from Internet use. 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The survey will concentrate chiefly on placing utilizations of cyberspace among young person in Tanzania and how internet affect their behaviour and their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activity plus uncovering the advantages that they will obtain from the cyberspace. To run into the end the research worker will analyze and analyse critically youth behaviour on utilizing the cyberspace. what services they prefer to utilize on the cyberspace. what sort of Webpages they prefer to see and how internet affects them. 1. 6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The survey is affected by the undermentioned restrictions: a ) Fund provided by the patron is limited therefore the research worker will carry on the survey in conformity to the fund available. B ) Handiness respondents and response from respondents will restrict the research worker signifier acquiring relevant information at the right clip. degree Celsius ) There is no adequate cogent evidence of the information given by respondents. which might restrict the research from run intoing the aim of the research vitamin D ) The handiness of literature will impact the survey. Few literatures may impede the efficiency of the survey. 1. 7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The survey will look into on the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? 2. What service offered by Internet ( web ) do youth prefers? 3. How Internet influences youth behavior? 4. How does youth profit from the Internet? Statistical HYPOTHESIS 1. Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? Hypothesis Youth in Tanzania are cognizant of cyberspace Youth in Tanzania are non cognizant of cyberspace 2. What service offered by Internet/web do youth prefers? Hypothesis Youth prefer most of the services offered by the web. Youth do non prefer most of the services offered by the web. 3. How Internet influences youth behavior? Hypothesis Internet does act upon youth behaviour. Internet does non act upon youth behaviour. 4. How does youth profit from the Internet? Hypothesis Youth does profit from the Internet. Youth does non profit from the Internet. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-42074015602670193812020-02-18T03:00:00.001-08:002020-02-18T03:00:02.798-08:00Analysis and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsAnalysis and Design - Essay Example Guilty Driver inherits from the driver and has all the attributes for the driver. In addition it also has the fine details, payment process. Innocent driver also is inherited from the main driver but makes use of the guilty driver processes when required to pay. In addition to the attributes that the guilty has, this will also have court processing. Suspended driver in case of drivers who fail to pay the fine. Their license details are all maintained in this. InTrial driver has the trial date details. 3. Use Case Diagram 4. Use Case - Scheduling a Court Date Description Table: Source Actor Action Destination Actor Driver Sends request for court date Officer Officer Prepares a trial date questionnaire. Driver Prepares a ticket details report Court Driver Fills in the trial date questionnaire Court Court Fixes the trial date and sends the intimation report. Driver Officer Sequence Diagram 5. Structured Approach and Object Oriented Approach Structured Design The computer was expected to solve certain problems that are mathematical and / or processing of the information, compare or sort. In order to solve these problems, a top down approach was originally used in procedural approach to problem solving. The structured approach was one step ahead of the procedural approach. In both the approaches, the problem was visualized and the method to solve the problem was the one that was worked on. Problem to solve is to be identified and then a step by step process towards solution was worked out in the case of procedural approach. There were a number of hardships faced once the problem became complex. In order to overcome this problem the structured approach was adopted. The problem that needed a solution was broken down into smaller... Innocent driver also is inherited from the main driver but makes use of the guilty driver processes when required to pay. In addition to the attributes that the guilty has, this will also have court processing. The computer was expected to solve certain problems that are mathematical and / or processing of the information, compare or sort. In order to solve these problems, a top down approach was originally used in procedural approach to problem solving. The structured approach was one step ahead of the procedural approach. In both the approaches, the problem was visualized and the method to solve the problem was the one that was worked on. Problem to solve is to be identified and then a step by step process towards solution was worked out in the case of procedural approach. There were a number of hardships faced once the problem became complex. In order to overcome this problem the structured approach was adopted. The problem that needed a solution was broken down into smaller problems. This meant that we had multiple numbers of smaller problems to be solved. On these multiple smaller problems the original procedural approach is applied and solution is reached. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-83215146968047495862020-02-03T15:49:00.001-08:002020-02-03T15:49:02.832-08:00Peer Edit of Article Summary#1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsPeer Edit of Article Summary#1 - Assignment Example This research utilizes a laboratory study involving 20 work teams comprising of undergraduate students from a management class of a large university in southwestern United States. The average age of the participants is 24.9 years and half of the respondents are women; ethical diversity was also considered in the formation of the work teams (P335, C1, L20-25). Aside from the work teams that the researcher formed, the participants were also allowed to voluntary form their teams (P335, C2, L29-31). It is the primary purpose of the study to determine the performance of the different work teams in competitive exercises while they were self-managed or without designated team leaders (Solansky, 2008) (P334, C1, L39-41). The researcher also utilized surveys as the primary data collection method (P336, C1,L2-6). Several competitive exercises or activities are used in this study such as creation, design, and construction of products and services. The instructor designed the activities and some of the products designed or created included clothing, a novel and a bridge (Solansky, 2008) (P335, C2, L32-38). The teams were also allowed to choose activities such as creating music videos, writing childrenââ¬â¢s stories and drawing slogans for their university. It was evident from the study that a team can find a stronger sense of competitiveness while undertaking a work when leadership is shared. Teams with shared leadership enjoy social, motivational and cognitive advantages over teams led by a single individual (P338, C1, L7-23). Ideas taken from the article are somehow very verbatim to the authorââ¬â¢s choice of words. Elaborating the authorââ¬â¢s ideas could have been presented better. Ideas in P332, C1, L8-10 and in P335, C1, L20-25 as some examples. The chronology of presenting the necessary ideas in conducting a journal review was clearly followed. Though building coherence in the Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-10761183887450888442020-01-26T12:13:00.001-08:002020-01-26T12:13:07.368-08:00Packaging Material Analysis for Food PreservationPackaging Material Analysis for Food Preservation Troullinos Yannis Packaging Report In this practical class, different films for food packaging were examined as far as their physical properties and their ability to preserve grapes, cheese, meat and potatoes. Appropriate measurements and tests we done on specific time intervals. Results Table 1. Results for the rapid tests for the identification of packaging materials * Materials were identified using the ââ¬Å"packaging materials identification chart for filmsâ⬠in the practical booklet. Table 2. Results of the mechanical and physical properties of the packaging material Discussion Calculations and Questions: 1. Calculate the tensile strength of the three packaging materials tested. Table 3. Physical properties of different packaging materials * More than 25% difference from the mean By using N = à ±100 g, Force mean values for each of the materials can be found. Also, Area = Width (m) x Gauge (m) = X m2. Tensile strength = Force (N) / Area (m2) so for the above materials we have: Cellulose 340 DMS Tensile strength = 25.6 / 2.125 x 10-6 = 12.0 x 106 N/m2 = 12.0 x 106 Pa = 12.0 MPa, as 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa, while 1 MPa = 1,000,000 Pa Polypropylene Tensile strength = 108.7 / 2.5 x 10-6 = 43.5 MPa Polyethylene Tensile strength = 12.5 / 0.75 x 10-6 = 16.7 MPa 2.Define tensile strength and discuss what factors will affect the tensile strength of the packaging material Tensile strength is the maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Generally, as tensile strength increases, the tougher the material is considered (Hui, 2008). Factors affecting the tensile strength are (Yam, 2010; Fellows, 2009): Plasticiser levels (increased values give less tensile strength and more elasticity Degree of crystallinity (crystal structure) Density of the material (increasing density gives more tensile strength) Manufacturing process (orientation, treatment, coatings) Temperature Physical properties of the material (branching, side groups, chain length, molecular weight) Duration of the time that the force is applied 3.Compare your tensile strength results to those found in literature. According to Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd. tensile strength for regenerated cellulose is 50 MPa, which, as mentioned, is affected by a lot of different factors. In our experiment, tensile strength of the cellulose used is a lot lower (12MPa). Paine (1990) gives values of 30 MPa for polypropylene, while in this experiment a value of 43.5 MPa was calculated. Finally, polyethylene gave an experimental value of 16.7 MPa, while Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd. reports 5-25 MPa for low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 15-40 MPa for high density polyethylene (HDPE). In this experiment it is unknown which exactly was the type of PE used, as there are many different types in market. As explained, duration of the force applied affects the tensile strength, so different testing machines give different results. There are numerous more factors as noted in question 2, which greatly affect the measurements and results. Thus, comparing values to literature cannot give objective judgement of the experiment. 4.Calculate the moisture vapour transmission rate (g m-2 day-1) for each of the films tested Table 4. Results of the water vapour permeability test Circle area = Ã⬠r2 = 0.005 m2 (r = 40mm = 0.04m) Number of Days = 4, as Day 1 is the day we started the storage Cellulose 340 DMS 1st measurements: Total moisture gained = Weight of Day 5 ââ¬â Weight of Day 1 = 84.8 ââ¬â 83.9 = 0.9 g Moisture gained per day = Total moisture gained (g) / Nr Days = 0.9/4 = 0.225 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = Moisture gained per day / Circle Area = 0.225 / 0.005 = 45 g/m2 24h (1) 2nd measurements: Total moisture gained = 87.6 ââ¬â 87.1 = 0.5 g Moisture gained per day = 0.5 / 4 = 0.125 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = 0.125 / 0.005 = 25 g/m2 24h (2) Mean value of water vapour permeability per 24h = [(1) + (2)] / 2 = 35 g/m2 24h Polypropylene 1st measurements: Total moisture gained = 86.0 ââ¬â 85.9 = 0.1 g Moisture gained per day = 0.1/4 = 0.025 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = 0.025 / 0.005 = 5 g/m2 24h 2nd measurements: Total moisture gained = 87.1 ââ¬â 87.1 = 0.0 g Moisture gained per day = 0.0 / 4 = 0 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = 0 g/m2 24h Mean value of water vapour permeability per 24h = 2.5 g/m2 24h Polyethylene 1st measurements: Total moisture gained = 84.6 ââ¬â 84.5 = 0.1 g Moisture gained per day = 0.1/4 = 0.025 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = 0.025 / 0.005 = 5 g/m2 24h 2nd measurements: Total moisture gained = 84.6 ââ¬â 84.5 = 0.1 g Moisture gained per day = 0.1/4 = 0.025 g day-1 Water vapour permeability per 24h = 0.025 / 0.005 = 5 g/m2 24h Mean value of water vapour permeability per 24h = 5 g/m2 24h 5.Discuss the results of the water vapour permeability test. Water vapour permeability is a measure for breathability or for a textiles ability to transfer moisture. The results show that PP and PE have relatively low water permeability, while cellulose has a lot more. These values agree with literature (Brennan and Grandison, 2012), which states that PP has lower permeability than PE. Cellulose is also stated as a low barrier of water vapour permeability. These results show that using cellulose to pack food sensitive to humidity such as powders is not considered wise. 6.Discuss the results of the packaging and storage of fresh fruit experiment. Explain what is causing the observed changes in the fruit and how the different packaging/storage conditions influence the shelf life of the fruit. Table 5. Fresh fruit (grapes) 3 days interval observations Firstly, the tissues of fruits are alive after harvest and they only die through natural senescence, rotting or when they are consumed, cooked or similarly processed. All these tissues ââ¬Å"breathâ⬠, a phenomenon called respiration with obvious relations to maintenance of the quality and prolonging the shelf life of the product. Specifically, grapes do not respire very intensively and this is the reason they get harvested when they are ripe. Reducing respiration can extend the shelf life but stalling it will make tissues senesce and die. Cooling temperatures can also lower undesirable effects on fruits (Jongen, 2002). As far as grapes concerned, mould is primarly because of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Browning spotted is a chemical process caused by specific enzymes changing the tissues colour to brown, while shrinkage is caused by increased respiration (tissues eventually lose water as shown in the weight measurements causing them to lose volume). Sweating is caused once again because of the respiration in packages where gas permeability is low or very low. In the above experiments, it is shown that when using MS and heat seal, grapes got sweaty in day 2 and 3, while in the same packaging with 2 holes, sweating was only slight. This makes sense as the 2 holes allowed the air transfer between package and the environment, lowering the humidity because of the respiration in the package. In PE and heat seal, sweating was even more obvious as PE has lower gas permeability than MS. Finally, in the open tray, sweating was absent but mould started to show at day 3, as it partially did in the package with 2 holes. This was caused by a microorganism, probably fungus since grapes have low pH. Another change which was spotted in the open tray was the soft, dried and oxidised appearance of the grapes because of the large amounts of respiration. Room temperatures and total contact with the environment allowed this level of respiration, lowering shelf life dramatically. 7.What changes would you make to the packaging/storage conditions to extend the shelf life of the grapes? The most important change to the storage conditions would be to lower the storage temperature, as it would significantly reduce respiration. The package should not have holes, as they allow environmental air to get in allowing microorganisms to grow faster. 8.Discuss the results of the packaging and storage of cheese experiment. Explain what is causing the observed changes in the cheese and how the different packaging/storage conditions influence the shelf life of the cheese. Table 6. Cheese 3 days interval observations Browning of cheese is significant in high storage temperatures (37à °C), less in medium (20à °C) and absent in low temperatures of 5à °C. Light causes the formation of lipid peroxides in medium temperatures, while compounds such as riboflavin are affected by light unrelated to storage temperature (Kristensen et al., 2001). Cheese tend to produce free oil when they melt and sweats during storage in relatively high temperatures because of the high humidity of it. When in open air sweating is more and drying out occurs (Wang and Sun, 2004). From the above, it becomes more obvious in ours experiments why cheese dried out during storage in open tray and why this drying out is more than in aluminium foil (which was not folded enough to keep air from contacting cheese). Another way to see the above is the greater loss of weight in open tray rather in aluminium foil. On the other hand, in both MS and cryovac packages no drying out was noted, as can be seen from the differences in initial and final weight (âⰠ¤0.1g). Relatively high storage temperatures (about 25à °C) caused the oiling and sweating of the cheese. 9.What changes would you make to the packaging/storage conditions to extend the shelf life of the cheese? The storage temperature should be as low as about 5à °C (refrigerator) in dark and should be kept either in MS or cryovac packaging. Ideally, a modified atmosphere packaging should be used (Khoshgozaran et al., 2012), extending shelf life even more than the usual packages. 10.Discuss the results of the packaging and storage of fresh meat experiment. Explain what is causing the observed changes in the meat and how the different packaging/storage conditions influence the shelf life of the meat. Table 7. Fresh meat 4 days intervals observations Film Day Weight (g) Changes In colour Clouding over Moistening Internal and external appearance of package Storage temp. Type of spoilage General appearance of product Storage humidity Other change and/or notes PP And Heat seal 1 21.0 4à °C 75% 2 21.0 slight green Ãâà ´ slight 4à °C colour changes 75% 3 21.0 slight green Ãâà ´ slight 4à °C colour changes 75% 4 21.0 slight green and browning Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-17616254132623244972020-01-18T08:37:00.001-08:002020-01-18T08:37:03.592-08:00The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care EssayHarmonizing to recent worldwide estimations, 1.7 billion people are classified as either corpulence or corpulent, more than 1 billion have high blood pressure, and more than 500 million have either diabetes or the pre-diabetes position, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) [ Hossain et Al. 2007 ] . Metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) A is a complex and multivariate disease thought to be when a figure ofA coincident metabolicA abnormalcies occur in the same person with a frequence higher than it could be expected by opportunity, foremost coined ââ¬Å" syndrome Ten â⬠in 1988 by ( Reaven 1998 ) . The first formal definition of the MetS was put away in 1998 by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) described a syndrome as ââ¬Å" a recognizable composite of symptoms and physical or biochemical findings for which a direct cause is non understoodaÃâ à ¦the constituents coexist more often than would be expected by opportunity entirely. When causal mechanisms are identified, the syndrome becomes a disease. â⬠MetS is so a composite of complecting hazard factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , diabetes and shot. The bunch of hazard factors encompasses dysglycemia ( unnatural glucose degrees ) , raised blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , hyperglycemia, elevated triglyceride degrees, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterin degrees, and cardinal adiposeness tissue degrees ( fleshiness ) . Metabolic syndrome has been assigned its ain ICD-9 diagnostic codification: 277.7, but there is ongoing contention about whether metabolic syndrome is a homogenous upset or disease, and whether it merits acknowledgment as a syndrome ( Huang 2009 ) . MetS has many factors involved ; most surveies agree that the underlying pathology of abnormalcies seems to be related to insulin opposition ( IR ) and fleshiness. The job and confusion comes from the differences in standards for the diagnosing of MetS by the ( WHO, 1998 ) , the European Group for survey on insulin Resistance ( EGIR ) in 1999, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III ( NCEP-ATP III ) in 2001, the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the ( IDF ) 2005. Regardless of which standard is used for diagnosing, all major bureaus agree to an extent that the cardinal factors include fleshiness and waist perimeter ( WC ) , insulin opposition, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure ( Alberti et al 2006 ) Multiple diagnostic standards from several beginnings have given rise to confusion and incompatibilities. Because of the different threshold degrees and how they they are combined to name, there may be fluctuations within in the same population at analysis of informations, taking to skewed hazard schemes and the prioritization of patients and their preventative intervention. One individual may be diagnosed and intervention on the footing of one set of standards, but so be ineligible utilizing another. The purpose of this instance survey is to place and foregrounding the most relevant and up to day of the month facets of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, experimental theoretical accounts, and related clinical and population informations in relation to MetS. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that more than 1 billion people are overweight globally, and if the current tendency continues, that figure will increase to 1.5 billion by 20154. It is estimated that over 1.7 billion individuals worldwide are fleshy, more than 300 million of whom are clinically corpulent. This addition is a multifactor with deficiency of exercising, aging, familial sensitivity and hormonal alterations being cited. This addition in fleshiness and fleshy people is associated with the addition in prevalence of Mets and diabetes ( Wild et al 2011 ) . Abdominal fleshiness is linked with the opposition effects of insulin on peripheral glucose and fatty acid metamorphosis, which can consequences in type 2 diabetes mellitus. With fleshiness comes Insulin opposition and that can take to hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia, and increased adipocyte cytokines that contribute to endothelial disfunction, altered lipid profile, high blood pressure, and systemic redness. This procedure of harm can advance the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Therefore Mets has several possible aetiologic classs, upsets of adipose tissue ; insulin opposition ; and the grouping of independent factors of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic beginning involved in different constituents of the MetS. When the single constituents of Mets cluster together and this is associated with both the addition hazard of Diabetes and CVD ( Wild et al 2011 ) With many hazard factors for CVD included within the MetS assorted definition and standard ââ¬Ës, the purpose is provide utile early diagnosing of MetS that in bend identifies persons with cardinal fleshiness and cardio-metabolic hazard factors. ( Wild et Al 2011 ) . These persons are at increased hazard of type 2 diabetes, CVD, non-alcoholic fatso liver disease ( NAFLD ) and sleep apnoeas. These hazard factors like abdominal fat degrees can frequently be left untreated as separately they do non justify intercession. Not all fleshy people are at high hazard degrees of vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and NADFL. The Mets definition is aimed at placing the subgroups of these fleshy and corpulent persons that are at a high hazard of the effects of inordinate abdominal fat and Insulin Resistance ( IR ) . As mentioned above, several organisations have established their ain diagnostic standards for MetS, NCEP ATP III, AHA/ NHLBI, WHO, IDF, EGIR, and ACE. With In there diagnostic standards of the MetS, different combinations of predating pathological factors are required, including: Iridium, dysglycemia, low HDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia, fleshiness or increased waist perimeter, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or DM, microalbuminuria and hyperinsulinemia. ( See Table 1 ) . The prevalence of the MetS is increasing throughout the universe ( who ) the many different estimations are nevertheless dependent on the definition used and the topic ( e.g. , sex, age, race, and ethnicity ) . The WHO and NCEP: ATPIII definitions are similar for fleshiness, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The inclusion of requirements, IR, IGT, and type 2 diabetes of the WHO definition are more tapered. The estimations reached by the assorted definitions in a individual population are frequently really similar across surveies ; the rates are variable in subpopulations with MetS and besides between cultural groups. Therefore the planetary prevalence estimations of MetS vary and are unsure. Statistically, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is reported from assorted beginnings over the decennary is variable between the populations. It was estimated that 20-30 % European population is affected ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . The consequences of a wide-spread epidemiological survey carried out among the US population show metabolic syndrome prevalence of 23.9 % as defined by the standards of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and 25.1 % harmonizing to WHO standards ( Ford and Giles, 2003 ) . Most surveies used the NCEP-ATP III definition and showed an elevated prevalence of MS in different parts of the universe. Harmonizing to ( NHANES ) 2003-2006, about 34 % of people studied met the NCEP: ATPIII revised standards for MetS. ( Appendix Table 2 ) A reappraisal of current prevalence tendencies and statistics was carried out in by ( Marjani 2012 ) identified the following planetary incidence and epidemiological findings from assorted equal reviewed beginnings: The undermentioned information is taken from ( Marjani 2012 ) : The prevalence of MetS was found to increase with age with 20 % of males and 16 % of females under 40 old ages of age, 41 % of males and 37 % of females between 40-59 old ages, and 52 % of males and 54 % of females 60 old ages and over by and large. Incidence of metabolic syndrome additions as age progresses. In a survey in Turkey, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 15.3 % , 23.1 % , 28.0 % , 26.0 % , and 20.5 % among people aged from 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79 and aâ⬠°? 80 old ages old, severally. Study of Ford showed that the prevalence in the US was16.5 % and 46.4 % for males aged 20 to 60, and 19.1 % to 56.0 % , for females with additions in MetS prevalence with increased age [ 19 ] . World Health organisation predicts the prevalence of fleshiness to be 4.8 % in developed states, 17.1 % in developing and 20 % in less developed. Cardiovascular disease is one of the chief grounds of decease among adult females in the universe. .women aged more than 55 have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than younger adult females. In several surveies, the incidences of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal adult females were found to be increased in the universe. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( utilizing the WHO definition ) in Ireland was 21 % . The prevalence was higher in males ( 24.6 % ) than in females ( 17.8 % ) . The Botnia survey â⬠( utilizing the WHO definition ) found the prevalence in Finland was 84 % and 78 % in male and female topics with type-2 diabetes, severally. In the United States, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 21.8 % utilizing the ATP III definition. Mexican Americans had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( 31.9 % ) . The prevalence was similar for male ( 24.0 % ) and female ( 23.4 % ) subjects. The prevalence in Isfahan ( Iran ) was 65.0 % with higher rate in females than males ( 71.7 % female and 55.8 % male ) . The prevalence in Karachi ( Pakistan ) was 79.7 % in type 2 diabetics, ( 45.5 % females and 34.3 % males ) . The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetics in Japan was 168 ( 26.37 % ) out of 637 type 2 diabetic patients. The prevalence was higher in males ( 45.9 % ) than females ( 28.0 % ) . A survey done in Korean estimates the overall prevalence was 32.6 % . The prevalence was found to be 46.9 % and 65.1 % among males and females severally. The overall prevalence among Saudis with type 2 diabetes was 22.64 % ( 19.49 % male, 25.17 % female ) . The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients is higher in females ( 53.27 % ) than males ( 48.71 % ) , and that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Gorgan is appreciably higher compared with that in some other states. One of the latest and up to day of the month documents by ( Craig and Turner 2012 ) made a systematic reappraisal of 85 surveies. They found the average prevalence of MetS in whole populations was 3.3 % , in fleshy kids was 11.9 % , and in corpulent populations was 29.2 % . Although prevalence rates are varied throughout the universe it is clear that metabolic syndrome has developed into epidemic degrees and farther research is needed as the mechanisms of MetS are non to the full known ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . As described above, the general hypothesis to depict the pathophysiology of MetS is insulin opposition and abdominal fleshiness ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . Visceral fleshiness is the chief cause of the metabolic syndrome, and is associated with development of high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome via a assortment of pathwaysA ( Figure1 ) . Metabolic Syndrome and its related upsets Insulin opposition Cardinal fleshiness Glucose intolerance Dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides Low HDL-cholesterol Microalbuminuria Predominance of little heavy LDL-cholesterol atoms High blood pressure Endothelial disfunction Oxidative emphasis Inflammation Related upsets of polycystic ovarian syndrome, fatty liver disease ( NASH ) , and urarthritis A major subscriber is an surfeit of go arounding fatty acids, released from an expanded abdominal adipose tissue. Free Fatty Acids ( FFA ) cut down insulin sensitiveness in musculus by suppressing insulin-mediated glucose consumption. Increased degree of go arounding glucose additions pancreatic insulin secernment ensuing in hyperinsulinemia. In the liver, FFA increase the production of glucose, triglycerides and secernment of really low denseness lipoproteins ( VLDL ) . The effect is the decrease in glucose transmutation to glycogen and increased lipid accretion in triglyceride ( TG ) . Insulin is an of import antilipolytic endocrine. In the instance of insulin opposition, the increased sum of lipolysis of stored triacylglycerol molecules in adipose tissue produces more fatty acids, which could farther suppress the antilipolytic consequence of insulin, making extra lipolysis and more FFA. This build up of FFA from increased the volume of adipocytes lead to IR through the look of assorted proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines, tumour mortification factor ( TNF ) -Ià ± , interleukin ( IL ) -1 and IL-6 are increased in adipose tissue but the production of anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin is reduced, this look is linked to systemic redness. The instability of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines, induces insulin opposition by impairing the insulin signalling procedure. ( acquire ref ) . This addition in cytokines promote lipolysis and increase Free fatty acids ( FFAs ) so causes endothelial disfunction and increased coronary artery disease hazard ( Wieser et al 2013 ) See ( Appendix Figure 2 ) Inflammatory cytokines have been reported in the development of high blood pressure. ( Grundy 2003 ) suggests a important association among redness, high blood pressure, and the metabolic syndrome. TNF-Ià ± stimulates the production of endothelin-1 and angiotensinogen. interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) is a multifunctional cytokine which mediates inflammatory responses and stimulates the cardinal nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. This mediates an addition in plasma angiotensinogen and angiotonin II, and hence high blood pressure. ( Sarafidis and Bakris 2007 ) show that IR increases leptin and NEFA degrees thereby augmenting sympathetic nervous activation. The survey besides showed NEFA to raise blood force per unit area, bosom rate, and Ià ±1-adrenoceptor vasoreactivity, while cut downing baroreflex sensitiveness, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and vascular conformity. Insulin has anti-natriuretic and stimulates nephritic Na re-absorption. Insulin opposition and the ensuing hyperinsulinemia induce blood force per unit area lift by the activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) causes sodium keeping and volume enlargement, endothelial disfunction and change in nephritic map. The subsequent hyperinsulinemia promotes the addition in sodium soaking up by the kidneys, which can impair force per unit area natriuresis, thereby doing high blood pressure in salt-sensitive persons. Hyperinsulinemia increases the sympathetic activity, taking to arterial high blood pressure. 1475-2891-7-10-1 ( 1 ) .jpg ( Figure 2 ) IR proposed tracts. YanaiA et al.A Nutrition JournalA 2008A 7:10 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-10 Insulin opposition is characterized by pathway-specific damage in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling. In the endothelium, this may do an instability between the production of azotic oxide and secernment of endothelin-1, taking to decreased blood flow. The accretion of splanchnic fat elevates the activity in the renin-angiotensin system, due to an increased production of angiotensinogen, which accordingly favours arterial high blood pressure. FFAs contribute to endothelial disfunction by a combination of lessened PI3K-Akt signalling, increased oxidative emphasis. And increased ET-1 production. Insulin opposition and splanchnic fleshiness are associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia ( Semenkovich, 2006 ) . Atherogenic dyslipidemia can develop from increased ( FFAs ) . They are known to assist the production of the lipoprotein ( apoB ) within ( VLDL ) atoms, ensuing in more VLDL production. Insulin usually breaks down apoB through PI3K-dependent tracts, therefore insulin opposition additions VLDL production. Hypertriglyceridemia in insulin opposition is the consequence of both an addition in VLDL production and a lessening in VLDL clearance. VLDL is metabolized to remnant lipoproteins and little dense LDL, both of which can advance atheroma formation. Insulin opposition besides causes endothelial disfunction by diminishing Akt kinase activity, ensuing in lessened eNOS phosphorylation and activity. Phosphorylation of eNOS is required for the hemodynamic actions of insulin, this consequences in lessened blood flow to skeletal musculus and endothelial disfunction that so worsens insulin opposition. The metabolic consequences of drawn-out insulin opposition produce Glucose intolerance. AS mentioned earlier, glucose consumption in adipocytes and skeletal musculus cells is decreased and can no longer be absorbed by the cells but remains in the blood, but hepatic glucose production is increased. Therefore an overrun insulin by beta cells to keep plasma glucose homeostasis. Once the pancreas is no longer able to bring forth adequate insulin to get the better of the insulin opposition, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) develops. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, IGT is a pre diabetic status in which serum glucose concentrations range between 140 and 200A mg/dL 2 H after a 75A g glucose burden ( WHO ) Persons with IGT have extended loss of first stage insulin secernment and a decreased 2nd stage, and persons with type 2 diabetes have small first stage insulin release at all. ( Mackie and Zafari 2006 ) Postprandial hyperglycaemia appears to bring forth oxidative emphasis, addition protein glycation, addition hypercoagulability, and damage endothelial cells, all of which promote coronary artery disease. Hyperglycemia is a well-known hazard factor for micro and macrovascular disease ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality via means an increased hazard of CVD and type 2 diabetes among others. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased oxidative emphasis. Recent documents suggest that some of the implicit in pathologies contribute more entire oxidative emphasis than others ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) ( huge grounds to see, more research needed ) Adipose tissue has been shown to lend to the production of reactive O species and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-Ià ± , IL-6, and IL-18. Previous surveies showing that fleshiness and MetS are independently associated with increased oxidative emphasis and inflammatory load. The presence of MetS exacerbates oxidative and inflammatory emphasis in corpulent grownups with higher systemic markers of oxidative emphasis and low-grade chronic redness in corpulent grownups with MetS compared with corpulent grownups free of MetS ( Guilder 2006 ) . Cross-sectional informations from 2,002 non-diabetic topics of the community-based Framingham Offspring Study has shown that systemic oxidative emphasis is associated with insulin opposition ( Meigs 2007 ) . There are besides negative effects of inordinate and deficient slumber on metabolic syndrome prevalence are described in ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . Despite a familial background of the upset, its outgrowth and development are strongly influenced by life manner. Therefore, intervention metabolic syndromeA by and large focuses onA diet and exercising. regularA physical activityA and a diet with aA restricted Calories intake, that is high inA whole grains, A monounsaturated fatsA and works nutrients ( such as theA Mediterranean diet ( Kastorini 2011 ) . The medical direction of metabolic syndrome includes CVD hazard, Blood force per unit area control WITH ( angiotension-converting enzyme ( ACE ) A inhibitors AND ORA angiotension receptor blockersA ( ARBs ) , drug therapy for Cholesterol withA lipid-lowering medicines ) , preventive Diabetes intervention and Exercise rehabilitation plans to help loss and mobility, In decision prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing steadily across assorted populations increasing hazards CVD and Diabetes related co-morbidities. Metabolic syndrome includes insulin opposition, splanchnic adiposeness, atherogenic dyslipidemia and endothelial disfunction and their ain related effects. The pathophysiological mechanisms of Mets are all interconnected. With changing planetary statistics and multiple universe definitions and standards a comprehensive cosmopolitan definition of the metabolic syndrome is needed for elucidation. The NCEP ATP III definition uses straightforward standards that are measured readily AND easiest to use clinically and epidemiologically. Metabolic syndrome and its different definitions do place the pathophysiological mechanisms that underline the procedure Insulin opposition and cardinal fleshiness are clearly cardinal constituents of the disease as they both cause glucose intolerance and dysplycemia. Metabolic syndrome is complex and there is new research on traveling. The best signifier of bar seem to be an easy hole for most MetS persons, lifestyle alterations and weightless. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-80707919619613058332020-01-10T04:59:00.001-08:002020-01-10T04:59:03.309-08:00Who is Concerned About Custom Research Paper Writing Service and Why You Should be Listening to ThemWho is Concerned About Custom Research Paper Writing Service and Why You Should be Listening to Them The Argument About Custom Research Paper Writing Service It is not overly technical if you understand how to highlight text and click a mouse, you may use Medium. You will get a top quality paper that's totally free from all punctuation, grammar and spelling errors in addition to being 100% plagiarism free. If you have many studying to finish, you can leave all them to our writers. For instance, the writer can finish part of your paper and send it to you. Our writers understand how to do your paper in the proper way. 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Introduction to the international agreement. â⬠¨ The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was put in place on July 1, 1975 to address the need to protect species on a global level by controlling international trade. The aim of CITES is to protect species that are considered endangered (Couzens, 2013). CITES uses three Appendices to evaluate which level the endangered species should be put in. Appendix I includes species that are threatened by extinction due to trading (Couzens, 2013). It bans any trading of these species related to commercial purposes and any trading that could be harmful to their survival (Wiersema, 2013; CITES). Furthermore, any export, re-export and import permit must be needed for any accepted import, export or re-exported purposes (CITES). Appendix II includes species that may not be perceived near extinction, but regulations regarding trade are put in place to control and regulate it to prevent any endangerment (Wiersema, 2013; Couzens, 2013; CITES). Additionally, any live animal or plant must be cared for with minimal risk to injury, health and treatment during the trading process (CITES). Any export, re-export and import permit must be needed for trading purposes (CITES) . Lastly, Appendix III according to CITES is controlling trading of species to prevent and/or diminish any likelihood of exploitation (Couzens, 2013; CITES). Any export, re-export and import permits are needed relating to tradingShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Kenya Trafficking Legislation2330 Words à |à 10 PagesKenya Trafficking Legislation 1. Introduction and CITES: Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species In 1975, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) came into force. 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Transboundary animal diseases, defined as ââ¬Å"those that are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries; which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions; and where control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation between Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-4519878277152067952019-12-24T21:08:00.001-08:002019-12-24T21:08:05.022-08:00The Bechdel Test And The Duvernay Test, White Men And... As evidenced by the poignancy of the Bechdel Test and the DuVernay Test, white men and their stories dominate film. The problem, of course, that arises from such a whitewashed male perspective is that the valid and worthwhile stories of other groups of people are pushed aside, often as a means of plot progression for white male protagonists. Add mental illness to the mix. On top of the silenced forced upon marginalized groups simply for not being the most privileged, the people in these groups, when afflicted by mental illness, fall victim to harsh stereotypes that further eliminate the uniqueness of their stories. Of these groups, women are of particular interest because they are not left out of cinema completely, just enough to be exemplars of a group whose voice muted by stereotypes such as that of the crazy girlfriend, the fragile wallflower, and, most importantly for the purposes of this paper, the beautiful tragedy. It is a common plotline in the mental ill woman-concerned medi a to start with a female character noted for her beauty, and often her innocence but not always, who nose dives into mental illness. Most importantly and, more often than not, most differently from mentally ill characters that are white and male, the craze becomes so overwhelming that the female character has to be forcibly silenced in the end, either by death or by being locked away. The same is true for other characters of alternate minority groups, such as Anthony in Dead Presidents, but Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-59402873659156357212019-12-16T17:38:00.001-08:002019-12-16T17:38:06.202-08:00An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper Free Essays string(39) " take control of an affected computer\." De La Salle University ââ¬â Manila An Introduction to the IM Profession and Ethics Paper Presented to The Faculty of the College of Computer Studies De La University ââ¬â Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science of Information Systems By: Changcoco, Amos Dimla, Ysabel Nicole Ramchand, Pavan Tanchuling, Bianca Denise Tibayan, Jan Michael 1. 0 COMPUTER AND INTERNET CRIME 1. 1 Types of Exploits 1. We will write a custom essay sample on An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 1Virus It is a malicious code that is attached to a file or executable program that can hack the files of the victimââ¬â¢s computer and reformat, delete or modify the files. The virus is executed only when the file that contains the virus is opened or if the program with the virus is executed as well. It leaves infections as it travels from one computer to another. The spread of the virus relies on the users whenever users would use removable media devices, download or through e-mails. An example of a computer virus would be the Pikachu virus which was the first computer virus directed to children. It was said that the virus started on June 28, 2000 from Asia or the Pacific Ocean region. The virus was an email titled, ââ¬Å"Pikachu Pokemonâ⬠with the message, ââ¬Å"Pikachu is your friend. â⬠The email contained the image of the cartoon character, ââ¬ËPikachuââ¬â¢ from the TV series Pokemon, with the message, ââ¬Å"Between millions of people around the world I found you. Donââ¬â¢t forget to remember this day every time MY FRIEND. â⬠The Pikachu virus infected only a few companies in the United States through Microsoft Outlook email attachments or through Microsoftââ¬â¢s Internet Explorer browser. The reason why only a few companies were harmed and why the virus was not as viral is that the virus was not coded properly and would ask the user if the virus can delete the files in the user. 1. 1. 2Worm A worm is a malicious code that is used for bringing down the computer system. A worm does not infect files, however, it monopolies the computerââ¬â¢s CPU and operating system and is capable of deleting data and programs. It infects a computer by finding vulnerability in an application or operating system. A worm is self-replicating and uses a network to replicate itself to other computer. It does not rely on human interaction for spreading to other computers. An example would be the Morris Worm or also known as the Great Worm. Created by a Cornell University student named Robert Tappan Morris in the year 1968, the Morris Worm consisted of 99 lines of code. Robert Morris wanted to know how big the Internet was and made the worm to find the answer. It is noted that the creator did not have malicious intent in making this worm; however, the worm infected immense amounts of stability problems that made many systems unusable. The damage was over 6,000 infected UNIX machines which cost between $10,000,000 and $100,000,000. This example is an ethical dilemma because the creator did not have evil intentions in making the worm but did have bad effects on most people in America. This dilemma would be ethical based on the psychological egoism theory because Robert Morris acted on his selfish motive whether he should or not, which made him moral. Based on the hedonism theory, it was ethical of Morris because he was only doing his duty without knowing that his actions would bring upon negative effects. 1. 1. 3Trojan Horse Named after the Trojan horse from Troy which was used to infiltrate the enemyââ¬â¢s territory through a disguise, the Trojan horse is disguised as something else (such as a program or file) but is actually a malicious code or may contain malicious code. Similar to viruses, a Trojan horse is executed when the file with the virus is opened or the program with the malicious code is executed also. A Trojan horse can do from light damages such as changing the desktop and the like, to threatening damage, such as deleting files, stealing data, or activating and spreading other malware, to the victimââ¬â¢s software. Trojan horses are also used to create a ââ¬Ëback doorââ¬â¢ in the operating system so that the hackers can access the system. However, the Trojan horse cannot duplicate itself nor it can self-replicate. It would need the user to spread to other computers. An example of a Trojan horse would be from the pirated version of Appleââ¬â¢s suite of software, iWork. iServices was the Trojan horse part of the pirated version of iWork, which would signal the hackers that the Mac is infected and the hacker has access to the system. This is an ethical dilemma because the people who buy pirated software such as the iWork do not know that there is a Trojan horse in the software. It was unethical of the sellers to place a Trojan horse in the software without the consent of their customersââ¬â¢ because deontology theory states that it was not the duty of the vendors to hack into the systems of their customers in the first place. Another reason why it was unethical because of the theory of altruism because the interest of others was not thought about since many people will suffer due to the actions of the vendors. This is another reason why it is unethical, because of the utilitarianism, which is consequences-based. Lastly, the social contract theory states that the actions of the vendors were unethical because it is against the law to hack and infiltrate private property. Logic bomb is a type of Trojan horse that is triggered only by a series of specific events such as a specific sequence of keystrokes or a change in a file. 1. 1. 4Botnets A botnet is a network of infected computers that are controlled by bots. Named after the word ââ¬Ërobotââ¬â¢, a bot is a type of malware that allows an attacker to take control of an affected computer. You read "An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper" in category "Essay examples" Criminal can take over the controlled computer such as sending out spam, spread viruses, attack computer and can even cause crime and fraud, without the owner knowing it. Bots are also called computer zombie because the computer has no control over its actions since hackers are in charge of its actions. 1. 1. 5Distributed Denial-Of-Service Attacks (DDoS Attacks) A Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack is when a malicious hacker controls computers through the Internet. It is an attempt in preventing the computer owner to use network resource or machine. It is composed of one or more people trying to disenable a certain host from being connected to the Internet. 1. 1. 6Rootkits The name rootkit comes from the two words ââ¬Ërootââ¬â¢, which pertains to the point it attacks, which would be the administrator or the source or the root, and ââ¬Ëkitââ¬â¢ because of the set of programs. A rootkit is a set of programs that enables its user to gain administrator level access to a computer without the userââ¬â¢s consent or knowledge. The owner of the rootkit is capable of executing files and changing system configurations on the target machine, as well as accessing log files or monitoring activity to covertly spy on the userââ¬â¢s computer usage. It is hard to detect if a computer system has a rootkit malware. 1. 1. 7Spam E-mail spam is when e-mail systems send unsolicited e-mail to large numbers of people. Spam mostly comes off as cheap advertisements of strange products such as pornography, ââ¬Ëget-rich-quickââ¬â¢ schemes and the like. Spam can also be used to deliver harmful worms or other malware. . 1. 8Phishing Phishing is an attempt to steal personal identity data by tricking users into entering information on a counterfeit Web site. 1. 2Types of Perpetrators 1. 2. 1Hackers and Crackers Hackers are people who test the limits of the system, find the ââ¬Å"holesâ⬠, and check which data they could access. The knowledge that they get is actually obtainable in various media, usually the internet. They are not usually considered bad; but due to many of them who used such knowledge to cause harm to systems, the term became negative. A more appropriate term for these kinds of people is actually called crackers. 1. 2. 2 Malicious Insiders Malicious insiders are people who obtain goods, services, or property through deception or trickery, also known as fraud. In other words they lie to gain. 1. 2. 3 Industrial Spies Industrial spies are people who illegally obtain information from competitors for the benefit of their sponsor. The act is called industrial espionage and the opposite which is to obtain information legally is called competitive intelligence. In 1993, Opel accused the rival Volkswagen of industrial espionage after the formerââ¬â¢s chief of production and seven executives moved to the latter company due to missing documents. (Julian, 2011) 1. 2. 4 Cybercriminals These perpetrators hack to the companyââ¬â¢s system and will do anything with the information just to gain money. One of the most famous hackers of the world is Albert Gonzalez, who used hacking to steal and resell millions of card and ATM numbers in a span of three years. He did this by attacking many systems which would eventually give him the information needed to steal the card numbers. Verini, 2010) Albert Gonzalez is in ethical dilemma because he used his skills to steal the information for money. Based on the deontological theory, itââ¬â¢s unethical because it is not the duty of hackers to steal information. Based on hedonism under the utilitarian theory, it is ethical because he found pleasure from the act. Social contract theory, however, makes th is act unethical, and so does virtue theory. 1. 2. 5 Hacktivists and Cyberterrorists Hacktivists, combining the words ââ¬Å"hackingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"activistâ⬠, are people who hack to promote political ideology. Cyberterrorists attack to get the attention of the government as part of their political objectives. Anonymous is one of the most famous hacktivist groups due to their appearance on various media in which members appear wearing the Guy Fawkes mask. Their advocacy is to oppose the Internet censorship and surveillance, government corruption and homophobia. This is why they attacked several government sites. (Katich, 2013) The ethical dilemma the group faces is that they use hacking skills to infiltrate the systems yet they belong to the side of the people as their objective is to make the government hear their voice. This is ethical based on deontology because it is their duty to make the government listen to them their voice. This is also ethical based on the altruistic approach as more will benefit from their act. However, social contract theory states that it is unethical since this act has violated the law. 1. 3Laws for Prosecuting Computer Attacks 1. 3. 1Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (RA 8792) 1. 3. 1. 1E-Commerce in Society The process of buying and selling goods electronically by consumers and from company to company through computerized business transactions. This act has the purpose of protecting those who pursue business in electronic means through multiple communication networks through the Internet. 1. 3. 1. 2 Elements in the Law Electronic data messages ââ¬â these are generally the information that is in every transaction of the business. Electronic document ââ¬â these are the type of information specified with text, symbols, or other modes of written expression yet similar in nature with the electronic data messages. Electronic Signature ââ¬â these are any distinctive marks that approve a transaction which are done by a person or an entity using electronic means. . 3. 1. 3Relation to other Laws Such laws that are affected with this are the Intellectual Property Rights, Copyrights Protection. These laws give protection to the parties involved in any business activities through electronic means. Fraud is also related as the government can charge you when you make accept payment illegally by disguising your site as a reliab le option for payment. 1. 3. 1. 4 CASE in E-Commerce Censorship is very an essential tool to distinguish the moralities of websites and the cooperation of companies to acknowledge said moralities. In China, Googleââ¬â¢s operations created a storm of criticism when the company agreed to comply with the governmentââ¬â¢s wishes and censor pro-democracy and other websites. In 2010, Google relocated its Chinese operations to Hong Kong, putting it outside Chinaââ¬â¢s censorship regime. Supporters of the decision say Google shouldnââ¬â¢t cooperate with Chinaââ¬â¢s repressive policies, while critics say Googleââ¬â¢s withdrawal cut off millions of Chinese citizens from the companyââ¬â¢s services and weakens its presence in one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest markets. This case has very evident ethical issues including the move of Google to relocate its operations to Hong Kong. This made the jurisdiction of Chinaââ¬â¢s censorship policy not reachable so that they can use their assets more freely. These however made the citizens of China that is inside the jurisdiction of the censorship policy long for their beneficial search engine. If seen in Googleââ¬â¢s benefits this is a rather good trade for them to maximize the use of their services in a commercial area such as Hong Kong yet they couldââ¬â¢ve served the citizens so they can keep up their reputation of improving life in the world and be consistent of the famous line ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t be evilâ⬠. I generally disagree with their decision to relocate as they couldââ¬â¢ve followed the updated utilitarianism and give their services to those who would need them the most. Still they acted the ethical egoism to censor pro ââ¬â democracy sites which are morally good to their perspective. 1. 3. 1. 5Another Example Including Google Google gathers incredible amounts of data on people who use its search engine. As of 2011, the companyââ¬â¢s website states that although it stores records of your searches as a tool to improve corporate efficiency, it renders them anonymous after nine months and deletes cookies used to track visitors after two years. Governments could use Googleââ¬â¢s information to investigate individuals visiting particular websites, however, and Google Earthââ¬â¢s photo collection also has raised privacy questions: In 2008, a couple sued on the grounds the online photos of their home violated their privacy, but a judge threw out the lawsuit the next year. This case is provides insight to how Google can be of every use to our society as they can help the government catch fugitives, suspects and criminals with their records of the searches of the every person using their search engines yet this leaves them to violate certain privacy issues when they abuse that kind of power. The lawsuit of the couple may be dismissed by a judge but their lawsuit are supported by ethical theories namely the rights ââ¬â based theories which states that there are social contracts that should be acknowledged and that includes their right for privacy. They may be legal to store records such as the photo from their Google Earth but they should have to limit their power to exercise their duty as they are also supported by the duty ââ¬â based theories due to their daily or continual task of improving corporate efficiency as well as giving us access to unlimited knowledge. 1. 3. 2 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA 10175) 1. . 3. 1 Preliminary Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1 Brief History of RA 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 or also known as Republic Act No. 10175 was approved on September 12, 2012. This is first law in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes computer-related crimes. The Cybercrime Prevention Act in its current form is the product of House Bill No. 5808, authored by Representative Susan Tap-Sulit of the second district of Tarlac and 36 other co-authors. The final version of the Act was later signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on September 12, 2012. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1 Declaration of Policy The main objective of this Act is to protect the people from cybercrimes and also from the harmful effects associated with it. The state also aims to recognize the vital roles of information and communications industries in the country. The state also recognizes the need to protect and safeguard the citizens of the state, and also to protect the integrity of computers and its users. The state also wants to recognize the importance of providing an environment conducive to the development acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and communications technology. . 3. 3. 2. 1 General Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 1 Punishable Acts In this Act, there are 10 punishable acts indicated in the bill, and those punishable acts each have penalties that are associated. In the next sentences, the punishable acts will be discussed briefly. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems: A. Illegal Access ââ¬â accessing a computer or a part of a computer without any right B. Illegal Interception ââ¬â the interception made by the use of any technical device without any right of non-public transmission of datum to or from any computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such data C. Data Interference ââ¬â the intentional or any reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without any right including the transmission or transferring viruses into a system. One example is the ILOVEYOU message transmitted through electronic mail way back in the year 2000. D. System Interference ââ¬â the intentional or any reckless hindering or interference with a functioning computer system, or a computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering, or supressing computer data or computer program without any right or authority in doing so. E. Misuse of Devices ââ¬â the use of any material without any right of it. Acts like producing, manufacturing, selling, and distribution. F. Cyber-squatting ââ¬â the simplest way is identity theft, using another individualââ¬â¢s identity to gain profit or scam other people in the internet. G. Computer-related Forgery ââ¬â the illegal use of a computer into copying oneââ¬â¢s work, and gaining illegal access to a computer to copy the content of a system or database. H. Computer-related Fraud ââ¬â the unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system. I. Computer-related Identity Theft ââ¬â the intentional acquisition, use, transfer, or possession of any identifying information belonging to another person, whether natural of juridical. Under these are Cybersex and Child Pornography. J. Libel ââ¬â à defined as a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any acts, omission, condition, status or circumstance tending to discredit or cause the dishonour or contempt of a natural or juridical person committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future. The above stated are the punishable acts by the law enforced and written in the bill, and these acts have corresponding penalties if have been proven to the court. The penalties include: imprisonment or a fine of at least two hundred thousand pesos (Php. 00,000. 00) up to a maximum amount commensurate to the damage incurred or both. Prison mayor is equivalent to imprisonment from 6 years and one day to twelve years. 1. 3. 3 Ethical/ Moral Dilemmas 1. 3. 4. 2 Situation A 16-year old male named ââ¬Å"Josh Evansâ⬠was registered on the account used for bullying messages to a girl named Megan Mier. Lori Drew, the mother of Sarah, a former friend Mier, later admitted creating the MySpace account. She was aided by Sarah and Ashley Grills, an 18-year-old employee of the elder Drew. The senior Drew and several others ran the fake account, with an aim to get information about Megan and use that information against her and also for her to be humiliated. This caused spreading gossips about Megan, and thus creating a traumatic experience not only for her but also to her family. 1. 3. 4. 3 Analysing using the Four Major Ethical Theories A. Duty-based Theory According to the Duty-based theory, an act is considered ethical if it has good intentions. Given the situation, I can clearly state that it is not an ethical thing to do. Creating or spreading false rumours is not even close to be called as a good intention. Also, gathering information about a certain person is not ethical if it will be used against or be held against to a person. Using the Duty-Based Theory, I can clearly state that the situation of gathering information of Megan is not ethical because it does not serve a good intention. B. Utilitarianism According to the Utilitarianism Theory an act is only to be considered ethical if it produces desirable consequences or outcomes. The outcome of the situation stated earlier is that the experience Megan was traumatic not only for herself, but it also affected her family. Just by looking at this outcome, we can say that it is not also considered ethical in this theory, because of the outcomes that the actions of the group had caused not only their target but also the relationship of other people to Megan. C. Social Contract Theory According to the social contract theory an act is considered ethical if the act does not violate any rules or laws; according to the Civil Code of the Philippines: Persons and Family Relations, under Chapter 2 which is Human Relations the Articles 19, 20 and 21 discusses the different rights a person possesses and how a person should exercise his or her rights. Chapter 2 Article 19 presents the basic principles that are to be observed for the rightful relationship between human beings and the stability of the social order. Chapter 2 Article 20 presents that you are liable for any damage that you have caused to another person, whether wilfully or negligently. Chapter 2 Article 26 presents that right must never abused, the moment that it is abused, the moment rights are abused they ceased to right. D. Virtue According to the Virtue theory, the action that is considered to be ethical is when the action is came from a good moral principle. Looking to the situation, it is not an ethical thing to do because it does only harm the person involved but also the moral principles of the suspect is to be questioned. 1. 3 Trustworthy Computing 1. 4. 1 Microsoftââ¬â¢s 4 Pillars of trustworthy Computing The 4 Pillars of trustworthy computing help identify the key elements in computing especially in an organization with numerous employees to manage. Guidance is a key to help implement a good and stable system such as how the pillars guide not just Microsoft employees but users alike. 1. 4. . 1 Security Creation of a trust worthy environment for a safe computing environment 1. 4. 2. 2 Privacy The protection and confidentiality of design, development and testing in any organization is essential as to be part of the competitive market today. 1. 4. 2. 3 Reliability Working as expected or promised by the developers and their entity 1. 4. 2. 4 Business Integrity Being responsible and transparent in you duties and expectation as part o f a work force that strives to be excellent a mistake is bound to happen. Admitting a mistake is the 1st step to a growing process of learning new things to come. 1. 4. 2 Risk Assessment It is the process of assessing security related risks to an organizationââ¬â¢s computers and networks from both internal and external (Reynolds, 2011) A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and analyse what could happen if a hazard occurs. (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013) The assessment would assure the IT security team that they will be ready when an attack comes because of the determined risk assessment they perform. 1. 4. 1 General Security Risk Assessment Process Step 1: Identify IT assets and prioritize ones that are of most importance Step 2: Identify the threats/risks that could occur Step 3: Assess the likelihood of threats Step 4: Determine the impact of each threat, how large to small is the impact if affected Step 5: Determine how each threat can be prevented/blocked Step 6: Which is the most effective prevention method Step 7: Perform cost benefit analysis before taking any action Step 8: Make the decision to implement or not to implement the decided risk prevention found through thorough research and development 1. 4. 3 Establishing a security policy Defines an organizationââ¬â¢s security requirements, as well as controls and sanctions needed to meet those requirements. (Reynolds, 2011) A good security policy can possibly improve and provide a smooth flow of operations within an organization. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) is a non-regulatory federal agency within the US department of commerce. The computer security division creates security standards for organizations to implement in their own system. 1. 4. 4 Educating the Employees, Contractor and Part-Time Workers Surveys show that most security problems come from negligence and unawareness of the security policies. Teaching good security practices like not giving out your passwords, making sure you do not meddle in different departments. Knowing the Dos and DONTs of everyday computing will help guide any workplace and direct them to the good ways of being a good user. 1. 4. 5 Threat Prevention The key to a threat prevention system are layers of security systems that challenge the perpetrator to hack into the system. Firewall ââ¬â stands guard between an organizationââ¬â¢s internal network and the internet Intrusion Prevention Systems ââ¬â prevents an attack by blocking viruses, malformed packets and other threats from getting into a protected network. Antivirus software ââ¬â should be installed on each userââ¬â¢s personal computer to scan a computerââ¬â¢s disk drives and memory regularly for viruses. User accounts that remain active after employees leave cause an uncertain threat to the company, IT staff must promptly delete and make sure to wipe out all the privileges of the former employee. The US-CERT (United States Computer Emergency Network Team) and SANS(SysAdmin, Audit, Network,System) Institute ââ¬â regularly update a summary of the most frequent and high impact threats to a computer system specifically viruses and worms. . 4. 6 Security Audit An important prevention tool that evaluates whether an organization has a good security policy and if it is being followed. An example would be a requirement to change passwords every week or month with this in place a security for companies are much more protected compared to others without this requirement. Basically to test, check and review the systemââ¬â¢s secur ity and look for loop holes and easy targets. 1. 4. 7 Detection The preventive measures made for a computer system is not always enough to protect important data. Intrusion detection system ââ¬â is a software/hardware that monitors system and network resources, notifies a system admin when an intrusion occurs Knowledge based intrusion system ââ¬â contains information about attacks and system vulnerabilities, then trigger an alarm (ex. Repeated login, repeated data events) Behaviour based intrusion system ââ¬â compares users system behaviour with an admin created model that detects when a user is not following the required model, this would trigger an alarm. (Example: Unusual activity with an account in the HR department accessing the IT departmentââ¬â¢s data. 1. 4. 8 Response An organization should be prepared for the worst, like a system attack that stops all operations and steals data from the company. The top priority during an attack is not to catch the perpetrator but to regain control and save what is left. Who needs to be informed? And who not to notify? Reputation and credibility is at stake in any security breach. A company should document all details of a security breach and be able to review it after to assess and further study. Eradication of the damaged/breached information is essential but before everything a log is required to keep track 1. . 9 Ethical Moral Dilemmas You are a member of a large IT security support group of a large manufacturing company. You have been awakened late at night and informed that someone has defaced your organizationââ¬â¢s website and also attempted to gain access to computer files containing a new product under development. What are your next steps? How much time would you spend tracking down the hacker? -Deo ntological 1. 5 References * (1999, 10). Electronic Commerce. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 10, 1999, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Electronic-Commerce-731. tml * THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT (R. A. 8792) AN OVERVIEW OF IT? S (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) IMPACT ON THE PHILIPPINE LEGAL SYSTEM(2005 006). ââ¬Ëwww. ustlawreview. com/pdf/vol. L/Articles/The_Electronic_Commerce_Act_RA_8792. pdf * What Is the Difference: Viruses, Worms, Trojans, and Bots? ââ¬â Cisco Systems. (n. d. ). Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. cisco. com/web/about/security/intelligence/virus-worm-diffs. html * What Is A Rootkit? (n. d. ). Internet / Network Security ââ¬â Tips, Advice and Tutorials About Internet Security and Network Security. Retrieved from http://netsecurity. about. com/od/frequentlyaskedquestions/f/faq_rootkit. htm * Julian. (2011). 10 Most Notorious Acts of Corporate Espionage. Retrieved from http://www. businesspundit. com/10-most-notorious-acts-of-corporate-espionage/ * Katich, A. (2013). Anonymous (Annie Katich). Retrieved from http://socialactive. wordpress. com/2013/02/25/anonymous-annie-katich/ * Verini, J. (2010). The Great Cyberheist. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/14/magazine/14Hacker-t. html/ How to cite An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper, Essay examples Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-21870607817028851692019-12-08T14:22:00.001-08:002019-12-08T14:22:02.976-08:00Comparing and Contrasting Greece and Rome free essay sample The Roman and Greek societies were both very influential and innovative. Furthermore, the two civilizations lasted for many centuries and expanded greatly. Thus, the Roman and Greek societies had various differences and similarities along the lines of religion, government and intellectual achievements. Religion-wise, Rome had borrowed Greekââ¬â¢s polytheistic religion, only altering deitiesââ¬â¢ names. On the government front, Rome combined the governments of several Greek city-states and made a republic. Lastly, Rome achieved many architectural feats, especially its aqueducts, due to Grecian intellectual innovation in development of arches. The Greek Roman civilizations both had strong roots in religion. Greece, being the predecessor of the Roman society, undoubtedly influenced Roman religion. In fact, the Ancient Roman religion was nearly identical to Greeceââ¬â¢s polytheistic religion, except the names of the deities were different. For example, Zeus, the Grecian god of sky and thunder, was the equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting Greece and Rome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Roman Empireââ¬â¢s tireless expansion, however, lead to the introduction of new religions through cultural diffusion. Conquering Judea revealed the religion of Judaism to the Romans, and later, through a chain of events, the religion of Christianity was established within the Empire. Christianity was a monotheistic religion and it challenged Romeââ¬â¢s polytheistic religion and Romeââ¬â¢s government, since numerous deities were symbols of state. It is evident that Rome, in the beginning, used Greeceââ¬â¢s religion, but through the passage of time, had three different religions, two of which still prosper today. In the aspect of government, Rome combined the most relevant features of the monarchy, aristocracy and democracy to form a new form of government: the republic. In Ancient Greece, city-states implemented the aforementioned forms of government, but not at once. For example, Athens was a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy, and Mycenae was a monarchy. So, Rome, influenced by Greeceââ¬â¢s forms of government, managed to create what Greece never had: one unified, single form of government. Albeit Greeceââ¬â¢s mountainous, separated terrain was the reason for the divided government, Romeââ¬â¢s accomplishment stands nevertheless. Nearing Romeââ¬â¢s collapse, on the other hand, infighting arose amongst commandants due to soldiers pledging allegiance to their commandant and not their state. Therefore, it is noted that a unified, central government is not the key to a unified, central state. Like in the case of religion, Rome, due cultural diffusion, used the Grecian city-stateââ¬â¢s form of government to make the republic. In the realm of intellectual achievements, Roman innovations were especially grand in the area of architecture. Adhering to the Grecian architectural standards of strict dimensions and proportions, Romans created building feats, notably the Pantheon and the Colosseum and aqueducts. They did this through improvising the arch and the dome, and began using concrete in the 1st century BCE. Where Greece developed the ziggurat, columns and ramps, Romans aggrandized and combined those designs to create such buildings like the Pantheon. Also, the usage of concrete helped reinforce Pax Romana, for the substantial durability of the roads allowed for easy transportation. Roman aqueducts were architectural marvels as well, bringing water into the city and to the farms. In Greece, the wheel, the sail and the plow were developed, in addition to astronomical and mathematical discoveries like Earthââ¬â¢s diameter and the 360 degrees of a circle. The development of the plow was especially crucial to Rome, for it was an agricultural society. Rome, in the topic of religion, faced a growing religion called Christianity within its empire, something which Greece didnââ¬â¢t have. Government-wise, Rome was a republic while Greece, as a whole, was mostly focused on democratic principles. Finally, Grecians developed the 360 degrees in a circle, something that was crucial to development of the arch and essentially, much of Roman architecture. To conclude, an influential, relational analogy can be established between the similarities of Greece and its predecessor Sumer, and between Rome and its predecessor Greece. All three of those civilizations were unique, aspired to conquer, trade and negotiate with neighboring lands and ultimately, still affect the present life through the actions they did, millennia ago, like Constantineââ¬â¢s decision to end the persecution of Christians. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-5984388443352013072019-12-01T02:04:00.001-08:002019-12-01T02:04:04.997-08:00Oracle Bone free essay sample Religion in Shang Dynasty Religious practice has always been an essential part of Chinese Culture. Even in the period of the Three Augusts and Five Kings, religious practices occurred. However, it is not until the Shang Dynasty when actually records of spiritual communication were founded. Oracle Bones were recorded of communication between human and spirits. The ritual of cracking oracle bones told what ancient Chinese concerned the most the relationship between spirits and nature. The intricate Oracle Bones not only reveal the religious aspect of the Shang Dynasty, but also relate the cultural and olitical system in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty, Kings were granted the power to communicate with spirits. Mostly importantly, spirits informed kings about the unknowns. When Shang kings have questions regarding the future and their relationship with spirits, they assigned priests and shamans to become medium between human and spirits. When shamans were asked to foretell for the king, they drill hollows in shells and apply red- hot poker to these shells. We will write a custom essay sample on Oracle Bone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They believed this ritual would attract spirits who were nearby to answer kings questions asked by shamans. Shamans main task was to nterpret spirits respond through the different cracks on shells. These kinds of predictions were said to be legitimate the kings were the ultimate representative of the spirit. Most of the time, kings requested to perform oracle bones divination to learn from spirits regarding the success of harvest, outcomes of battles, and schedule of sacrifices to spirits. For example, the King asked: Will Di order rain sufficient for harvest? (Eno 46). During earlier years of Shang Dynasty, the outcomes of harvests were more important to the people. Nevertheless, by the end of the Shang Dynasty, a large portion of divinations were performed to know the schedule and proper scarifications to spirits and ancestors. There were scarifications everyday for different ancestors and spirits according the results of divinations accumulated overtime. After oracle bone divinations were performed, kings would perform sacrifice to the assigned spirit at a specify time with appropriate goods. When an oracle divination indicated a negative answer from spirits, for instance defeat in battles, kings would then sacrifice to spirits hoping for spirits help to change the result. Shamans would slaughter animals and/or humans according to spirits preference. The result of appeasing spirits could lead spirits to provide extra helps for the people. On the other hand, if the king sacrifice the perfect quality and quantity of goods to a specify spirit but the king did not get his preference; kings could temporarily stop sacrificing to this spirit until the effect of previous scarifications were shown. Therefore, human scarification and spirits effectiveness created an economy between human and heaven. This economy applied more on the loyal level than the family level. During Shang Dynasty, family could only sacrifice to their own linage of ancestry. It was a crime to sacrifice to other linage of ancestries because only the king had this power. Family often sacrificed to hope ancestors would bless the family to have male children which can extend the family-tree. Thus, only the royal family had the Shang king can communicate and sacrifice to all linage of ancestries, which include Shen (natural deities), royal ancestors, and cultural heros. People in Shang Dynasty worship the greatest spirit Di (Tian). Yet Di do not receive any sacrifice ompare to other spirits. Tian, which is said to be equivalent to Di, was so powerful that other spirits could never match their power with D. Di was a significant factor of Shang peoples religious believe that was indicated in the oracle bones but Tian was not indicted in any evidences at all. On the other hand, Shang people viewed Shen as the power of nature, including power of earth, river, mountains, rain, thunder, and the power of directions, etc. in the early stage of Shang Dynasty, oracle bones divinations were directly performed to communicate with Shen to foretell harvest esults. Shen, unlike Di, did take sacrifice in order approve kings requests. For example, king asked, Shall we call upon Que to sacrifice a hound by fire to Cloud? (Eno 48). Thus, Shen was the second highly respected power after D. Shang kings also sacrifice to spirits of their royal ancestors, including parents, grandparents, forebears of ruling king, relatives. These spirits were located inside the royal familys palace, and their tablets were put together with other ancestors of the same family. Kings worshiped his linage of ancestors to hope they would bring fortune to the royal amily and the countries. When the current king died, he became part of his linage. Oracle bones divinations were use to communicate with royal ancestor spirits: Should we protect the kings eyes against Grandmother Ji? (Eno 49). Current kings Other families only sacrifice to their own linage as well. This ancestor worship ritual was established during the Shang Dynasty and is still performing in modern Chinese culture. Finally, kings also sacrificed to ancient cultural heroes, yet they were the less prominent group of spirits. Thus, religion practices in Shang Dynasty were an essential part of Chinese ultural before and in todays society. The use of oracle bones to predict future allowed reader to date the first actual evidence of Chinese religion. The written records left by Shang Dynasty created a clear picture of the cultural and politic aspects of ancient China as well. The relationship between human and spirits remains to be a significant part of Chinese peoples religious belief. I grew up practicing ancestor worship. Work Cited Eno, Robert. Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions. Religions Of China In Practice. Donald S. Lopez Jr. New Jersey: Princeton University press. 41-51 Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-15563194629251857702019-11-26T11:15:00.001-08:002019-11-26T11:15:05.980-08:00Telling a Good Poem from a Bad OneTelling a Good Poem from a Bad One Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One By Maeve Maddox What makes a poem good? The answer ultimately lies with the reader of the poem, but there is a certain consensus as to what makes a poem good or bad. According to the critic Coleridge, prose is words in their best order, while poetry is the best words in their best order. Poetry demands precision. The novelist can get away with less than precise expression from time to time because the story will pull the reader along. The job of the poet is to create a picture in the mind and an emotion in the heart. Every single word counts. The wrong choicea word with the wrong connotation or the wrong number of syllables or an unlovely combination of consonant soundsspoils all. The underlying thought of the poem is also important. Some poems are written to create a picture only, but the most memorable poems also convey a universal truth about the human condition. For me, a good poem leaves me with goosebumps along my arms. I think a poem is bad when it lacks a discernible point and sounds like prose. People are led to write a poem because they have been strongly moved by some event. Theyve experienced a strong emotion, received an insight, and wish to capture the experience in words. Only a few, however, succeed in turning the experience into a poem that will be meaningful to another person. On his site dedicated to examples of bad poetry, Prof. Seamus Cooney observes that most bad poetry is simply weak and ineffectual and lacking in interest. He says that memorably bad poetry is created by a poet unaware of his or her defects. He says that a really dreadful poem is the product of the right combination of lofty ambition, humorless self-confidence, and crass incompetenceâ⬠¦. He collects examples of bad poems as a teaching device: For the student, having a genuine insight into the true badness of some poems is, I think, a necessary corollary of having a grasp of what makes good poems good. Heres an excerpt from one of Prof. Cooneys bad poems: Twas the year of 1869, and on the 19th of November, Which the people in Southern Germany will long remember, The great rain-storm which for twenty hours did pour down, That the rivers were overflowed and petty streams all around. from Saving a Train by William McGonagall (1825-1902) A successful poem doesnt have to rhyme or scan or have a certain pattern of lines. It does need to paint a picture with carefully chosen words. It should have a point that a reader unknown to the poet can respond to. Fortunately, poets can study a wide variety of poetrygood and badin order to learn what works and what doesnt. Some anthologies for the poet: The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1950 The Norton Anthology of Poetry (from Old English to Cynthia Zarin [b. 1959]) The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry The Stuffed Owl: An Anthology of Bad Verse Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsStory Writing 10120 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-43778684599798313042019-11-22T18:38:00.001-08:002019-11-22T18:38:04.337-08:00The Naked Truth About Gym and GymnoThe Naked Truth About Gym and Gymno The Naked Truth About ââ¬Å"Gymâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Gymnoâ⬠The Naked Truth About ââ¬Å"Gymâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Gymnoâ⬠By Maeve Maddox Our word gymnasium comes from a Greek noun meaning ââ¬Å"place to be naked,â⬠or ââ¬Å"place to exercise.â⬠The adjective was gymnos, ââ¬Å"naked.â⬠Greek athletes exercised in the nude. The Greek gymnasium was for more than just working out. It was also a place for bathing and having scholarly discussions. The founder of the ââ¬Å"cynicâ⬠school of philosophy, Antisthenes, taught in a gymnasium in Athens. The name of his philosophical school is usually explained as a reference to the ââ¬Å"bitingâ⬠sarcasm practiced by its proponents. Cynic is from the Greek kynikos, ââ¬Å"dog-like.â⬠However, the name could have originated from the name of the gymnasium in which Antisthenes taught: Kynosarge, ââ¬Å"Grey Dog.â⬠The prefix gymno (gymn in front of vowels) is frequently encountered in the study of botany and zoology. gymnosperm: ââ¬Å"naked seedâ⬠(evergreens like the pine, hemlock, and fir) gymnorhinal: ââ¬Å"having naked nostrilsâ⬠(some birds have feathers on their nostrils; some donââ¬â¢t) gymnogenous: ââ¬Å"naked when hatchedâ⬠(some birds are born with feathers; some arenââ¬â¢t) The ancient Greeks gave the name gymnosophist to a sect of vegetarian Hindu philosophers who wore little or no clothing. Some gymno words refer to attitudes towards nudity. gymnomania: The obsession of the ââ¬Å"peeping Tomâ⬠; male voyeurism. 2. A compulsion to be naked. 3. An abnormal interest in nakedness. Note: A male voyeur is called a gymnogynomaniac. gymnoscopic A reference to a desire to see naked bodies. gymnoscopy: Sexual pleasure derived from viewing the nakedness of the opposite sex. gymnophily 1. Having a special fondness for being in the nude. An abnormal interest in nakedness. gymnophobia 1. A pathological fear of being naked. A morbid dread of seeing a naked person or of an uncovered part of the body. gymnophoria The sense that someone is mentally undressing you, or that a person is viewing you naked even though you are clothed. Thereââ¬â¢s are even gymno words you can use when talking about the Bible. gymnobiblism: The opinion that the bare text of the Bible, without note or comment, may be safely put before the unlearned as a sufficient guide to religious truth. gymnobiblical (adjective) pertaining to, or holding, this opinion gymnobiblist (noun), a believer in gymnobiblism. All the gymno words you could ever want to see. Fascinating article on the history of social nudity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-30318116468398023422019-11-21T01:57:00.001-08:002019-11-21T01:57:05.810-08:00Project Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 wordsProject Evaluation Report - Essay Example The research carried out at the beginning of the project was quite useful; the development programs were just right and the methodology worked out perfectly for this project. A waterfall methodology was used in the development of the website. All the stages of the methodology proved to be very necessary for the completion of the project to be a success. The website was developed successfully and project finished at the planned time. This report will evaluate whether the development of an online football ticketing and reservation website was successful. The basic purpose of this project was to develop a website that would allow football fans to buy their tickets online as well as make reservations on the games they want to watch beforehand. The purpose was to produce a website using a combination of SQL and CSS development languages and also the use of MS Excel and MS word. Several objectives were defined at the commencement of the project. They included; conducting research to determine the technologies to use in the project as well as specifying the tasks to be carried out in the development of the online booking system and also to determine their deadlines. The basic goal of this project as to create a website where football fans will purchase their tickets as well get to learn of upcoming games whilst booking online from the comfort of their locations. The website was to be developed in such a way as to allow fans to view and log into the website even on their IPhones and other portable internet enabled gadgets. At the end of the project period, several things had to be achieved. A working online ticketing system that will have achieved the objectives and solved the problem statement was the main aim, as well as the submission of the project as a requirement for graduation. The main objectives of this project were to develop an online ticketing system that would also serve to give information to the fans on the upcoming events and also on any Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-46804572921404922142019-11-19T10:15:00.001-08:002019-11-19T10:15:04.085-08:00What Is Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsWhat Is Management - Essay Example As factual as it is, no organization can exist and progress without a steady stream of managers. Management ranges from small enterprises to multinational companies. Therefore, for any organization or institution to achieve its goal, hiring experienced and quality managers are a factor to consider. The Australian standard claims that management is an organizational discipline of controlling records to meet the companyââ¬â¢s needs. Management involves regulating, directing and inspecting work in general. Management is usually the manager's job because he is the one who organizes all the activities that run in the company. The manager also controls all levels of staff in order to make sure that the right job is done at the right time. Therefore, for an organization to have an organized work force it should hire a good manager. This is very essential because, a good manager brings out good management and vice versa. Why it is hard to do management well? The style in which managers ha ndle their responsibilities and duties will influence the effort spent and the level of performance achieved by staff. The manager should have a good relationship with the staff for smooth running of an organization(Griffin & Moorehead 2012:22). By relating and interacting with the staff, the manager will understand the psychological problems of the employees, hence reducing absenteeism and lateness. Consequently, this will lead to easy management, smooth running in the organization, higher production and huge profits as the outcome. Lack of good leadership also hinders the well being of management. This is because a leader should be a reflection of positivity. He should have the ability to lead and impact the organization at the same time. Therefore, a leader should acquire a unique set of personal values and ideas. Concerning the leaderââ¬â¢s responsibilities to the organization, an effective leader must realize that he has a responsibility of molding some employees to become t he future leaders. Good leadership must ensure continuity by up building the young and less experienced employees. More so, leaders should portray passion in what they do and seek to instill passion and enthusiasm in their staff. Motivated employees deliver the best services which lead to customer satisfaction and better sales (Griffin & Moorhead, 2012:65). Therefore, an effective manager should find out the least performing department and its staff, and outline the reason of low productivity. The manager should then strategize on the best way to motivate the staff member to improve productivity. Another way of motivating employees is by letting them give their opinions. By doing so, the manager will understand how to manage them better. There are many types of motivating staff. The first way is to allow them to present their ideas by installing a suggestion box. Another way of motivating employees is by rewarding the best performing employees (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012:159). By doi ng so, employees will feel appreciated and will work harder. In another aspect, a manager may motivate his staff by enrolling them in seminars and workshops. All these types of motivation will make the employees feel more appreciated and cared for by the organization. Therefore, the companyââ¬â¢s management should ensure on continuous motivation targeting the overall organizational goals, and supportive approaches to the employer's needs. However, motivation of staff just like any other aspect has the other side of negativity. This negativity arises when individuals among the staff try all means to find favor in the eyes of the manager, leading to unnecessary completion and even Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-19226643387526398242019-11-16T22:47:00.001-08:002019-11-16T22:47:07.237-08:00Assessment Of Learning Essay Example for Free Assessment Of Learning Essay Assessment of learning refers to strategies designed to confirm what students know, demonstrate whether or not they have met curriculum outcomes or the goals of their individualized programs, or to certify proficiency and make decisions about studentsââ¬â¢ future programs or placements. It is designed to provide evidence of achievement to parents, other educators, the students themselves, and sometimes to outside groups (e. g. , employers, other educational institutions). Assessment of learning is the assessment that becomes public and results in statements or symbols about how well students are learning. It oftenà contributes to pivotal decisions that will affect studentsââ¬â¢ futures. It is important, then, that the underlying logic and measurement of assessment of learning be credible and defensible. TEACHERSââ¬â¢ ROLES IN ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Because the consequences of assessment of learning are often far-reaching and affect students seriously, teachers have the responsibility of reporting student learning accurately and fairly, based on evidence obtained from a variety of contexts and applications. Effective assessment of learning requires that teachers provide â⬠¢ a rationale for undertaking a particular assessment of learning at a particularà point in time â⬠¢ clear descriptions of the intended learning â⬠¢ processes that make it possible for students to demonstrate their competence and skill â⬠¢ a range of alternative mechanisms for assessing the same outcomes â⬠¢ public and defensible reference points for making judgements Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. â⬠¢55 The purpose of assessment that typically comes at the end of a course or unit of instruction is to determine the extent to which the instructional goals have been achieved and for grading or certification of student achievement. (Linn and Gronlund, Measurement and Assessment in Teaching ) Reflection: Think about an example of assessment of learning in your own teaching and try to develop it further as you read this chapter. 56 â⬠¢ Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 â⬠¢ transparent approaches to interpretation â⬠¢ descriptions of the assessment process â⬠¢ strategies for recourse in the event of disagreement about the decisions With the help of their teachers, students can look forward to assessment of learning tasks as occasions to show their competence, as well as the depth and breadth of their learning. PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING. The purpose of assessment of learning is to measure, certify, and report the levelà of studentsââ¬â¢ learning, so that reasonable decisions can be made about students. There are many potential users of the information: â⬠¢ teachers (who can use the information to communicate with parents about their childrenââ¬â¢s proficiency and progress) â⬠¢ parents and students (who can use the results for making educational and vocational decisions) â⬠¢ potential employers and post-secondary institutions (who can use the information to make decisions about hiring or acceptance) â⬠¢ principals, district or divisional administrators, and teachers (who can use the information to review and revise programming). Assessment of learning requires the collection and interpretation of information about studentsââ¬â¢ accomplishments in important curricular areas, in ways that represent the nature and complexity of the intended learning. Because genuine learning for understanding is much more than just recognition or recall of facts or algorithms, assessment of learning tasks need to enable students to show the complexity of their understanding. Students need to be able to apply key concepts, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in ways that are authentic and consistent with current thinking in the knowledge domain. What am Ià assessing? Why am I assessing? Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind â⬠¢ 57 Assessment of Learning In assessment of learning, the methods chosen need to address the intended curriculum outcomes and the continuum of learning that is required to reach the outcomes. The methods must allow all students to show their understanding and produce sufficient information to support credible and defensible statements about the nature and quality of their learning, so that others can use the results in appropriate ways. Assessment of learning methods include not only tests and examinations, butà also a rich variety of products and demonstrations of learningââ¬âportfolios, exhibitions, performances, presentations, simulations, multimedia projects, and a variety of other written, oral, and visual methods (see Fig. 2. 2, Assessment Tool Kit, page 17). What assessment method should I use? Graduation Portfolios Graduation portfolios are a requirement for graduation from British Columbia and Yukon Senior Years schools. These portfolios comprise collections (electronic or printed) of evidence of studentsââ¬â¢ accomplishments at school, home, and in the community, including demonstrations ofà their competence in skills that are not measured in examinations. Worth four credits toward graduation, the portfolios begin in Grade 10 and are completed by the end of Grade 12. The following are some goals of graduation portfolios: â⬠¢ Students will adopt an active and reflective role in planning, managing, and assessing their learning. â⬠¢ Students will demonstrate learning that complements intellectual development and course-based learning. â⬠¢ Students will plan for successful transitions beyond Grade 12. Graduation portfolios are prepared at the school level and are based on specific Ministry criteria and standards. Students use the criteria and standards as guides for planning, collecting, and presenting their evidence, and for self-assessing. Teachers use the criteria and standards to assess student evidence and assign marks. There are three major components of a graduation portfolio: 1. Portfolio Core (30 percent of the mark). Students must complete requirements in the following six portfolio organizers: arts and design (respond to an art, performance, or design work); community involvement and responsibility (participate co-operatively and respectfully in aà service activity); education and career planning (complete a graduation transition plan); employability skills (complete 30 hours of work or volunteer experience); information technology (use information technology skills); personal health (complete 80 hours of moderate to intense physical activity). 2. Portfolio Choice (50 percent of the mark). Students expand on the above areas, choosing additional evidence of their achievements. 3. Portfolio Presentation (20 percent of the mark). Students celebrate their learning and reflect at the end of the portfolio process. ( Portfolio Assessment and Focus Areas: A Program Guideà ) 58 â⬠¢ Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 Assessment of learning needs to be very carefully constructed so that the information upon which decisions are made is of the highest quality. Assessment of learning is designed to be summative, and to produce defensible and accurate descriptions of student competence in relation to defined outcomes and, occasionally, in relation to other studentsââ¬â¢ assessment results. Certification of studentsââ¬â¢ proficiency should be based on a rigorous, reliable, valid, and equitable process of assessment and evaluation. Reliabilityà Reliability in assessment of learning depends on how accurate, consistent, fair, and free from bias and distortion the assessment is. Teachers might ask themselves: â⬠¢ Do I have enough information about the learning of this particular student to make a definitive statement? â⬠¢ Was the information collected in a way that gives all students an equal chance to show their learning? â⬠¢ Would another teacher arrive at the same conclusion? â⬠¢ Would I make the same decision if I considered this information at another time or in another way? Reference Points Typically, the reference points for assessment of learning are the learningà outcomes as identified in the curriculum that make up the course of study. Assessment tasks include measures of these learning outcomes, and a studentââ¬â¢s performance is interpreted and reported in relation to these learning outcomes. In some situations where selection decisions need to be made for limited positions (e. g. , university entrance, scholarships, employment opportunities), assessment of learning results are used to rank students. In such norm-referenced situations, what is being measured needs to be clear, and the way it is being measured needs to be transparent to anyone who might use the assessmentà results. Validity Because assessment of learning results in statements about studentsââ¬â¢ proficiency in wide areas of study, assessment of learning tasks must reflect the key knowledge, concepts, skills, and dispositions set out in the curriculum, and the statements and inferences that emerge must be upheld by the evidence collected. How can I ensure quality in this assessment process? Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind â⬠¢ 59 Assessment of Learning Record-Keeping Whichever approaches teachers choose for assessment of learning, it is their records that provide details about the quality of the measurement. Detailed records of the various components of the assessment of learning are essential, with a description of what each component measures, with what accuracy and against what criteria and reference points, and should include supporting evidence related to the outcomes as justification. When teachers keep records that are detailed and descriptive, they are in an excellent position to provide meaningful reports to parents and others. Merely a symbolic representation of a studentââ¬â¢s accomplishments (e. g. , a letter grade or percentage) is inadequate. Reports to parents and others should identify theà intended learning that the report covers, the assessment methods used to gather the supporting information, and the criteria used to make the judgement. Feedback to Students Because assessment of learning comes most often at the end of a unit or learning cycle, feedback to students has a less obvious effect on student learning than assessment for learning and assessment as learning. Nevertheless, students do Ho w can I use the information from this assessment? Guidelines for Grading. 1. Use curriculum learning outcomes or some clustering of these (e. g. , strands) as the basis for grading. 2.Make sure that the meaning of grades comes from clear descriptions of curriculum outcomes and standards. If students achieve the outcome, they get the grade. (NO bell curves! ) 3. Base grades only on individual achievement of the targeted learning outcomes. Report effort, participation, and attitude, for example, separately, unless they are a stated curriculum outcome. Any penalties (e. g. , for late work, absences), if used, should not distort achievement or motivation. 4. Sample student performance using a variety of methods. Do not include all assessments in grades. Provide ongoing feedback on formativeà performance using words, rubrics, or checklists, not grades. 5. Keep records in pencil so they can be updated easily to take into consideration more recent achievement. Provide second-chance assessment opportunities (or more). Students should receive the highest, most consistent mark, not an average mark for multiple opportunities. 6. Crunch numbers carefully, if at all. Consider using the median, mode, or statistical measures other than the mean. Weight components within the final grade to ensure that the intended importance is given to each learning outcome. 7. Make sure that each assessment meets quality standards (e.g. , there should be clear targets, clear purpose, appropriate target-method match, appropriate sampling, and absence of bias and distortion) and is properly recorded and maintained (e. g. , in portfolios, at conferences, on tracking sheets). 8. Discuss and involve students in grading at the beginning and throughout the teaching and learning process. (Adapted from Oââ¬â¢Connor, How to Grade for Learning ) Resource: Marzano, Transforming Classroom Grading 60 â⬠¢ Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 rely on their marks and on teachersââ¬â¢ comments as indicators of their level ofà success, and to make decisions about their future learning endeavours. Differentiating Learning In assessment of learning, differentiation occurs in the assessment itself. It would make little sense to ask a near-sighted person to demonstrate driving proficiency without glasses. When the driver uses glasses, it is possible for the examiner to get an accurate picture of the driverââ¬â¢s ability, and to certify him or her as proficient. In much the same way, differentiation in assessment of learning requires that the necessary accommodations be in place that allow students to make the particular learning visible.à Multiple forms of assessment offer multiple pathways for making student learning transparent to the teacher. A particular curriculum outcome requirement, such as an understanding of the social studies notion of conflict, for example, might be demonstrated through visual, oral, dramatic, or written representations. As long as writing were not an explicit component of the outcome, students who have difficulties with written language, for example, would then have the same opportunity to demonstrate their learning as other students. Although assessment of learning does not always lead teachers to differentiateà instruction or resources, it has a profound effect on the placement and promotion of students and, consequently, on the nature and differentiation of the future instruction and programming that students receive. Therefore, assessment results need to be accurate and detailed enough to allow for wise recommendations. Reporting There are many possible approaches to reporting student proficiency. Reporting assessment of learning needs to be appropriate for the audiences for whom it is intended, and should provide all of the information necessary for them to make reasoned decisions. Regardless of the form of the reporting,however, it should be honest, fair, and provide sufficient detail and contextual information so that it can be clearly understood. Traditional reporting, which relies only on a studentââ¬â¢s average score, provides little information about that studentââ¬â¢s skill development or knowledge. One alternate mechanism, which recognizes many forms of success and provides a profile of a studentââ¬â¢s level of performance on an emergent-proficient continuum, is the parent- student-teacher conference. This forum provides parents with a great deal of information, and reinforces studentsââ¬â¢ responsibility for their learning. The Communication System Continuum: From Symbols to Conversations (Oââ¬â¢Connor, How to Grade for Learning ) Grades Report cards (grades and brief comments) Infrequent informal communications Parent-teacher interviews Report cards with expanded comments Frequent informal communication Student-involved conferencing Student-led conferencing Reflection: What forms do your reports of student proficiency take? How do these differ according to audience? Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind â⬠¢ 61 Assessment of Learning An Example of Assessment of Learningà Elijah was interested in assessing student mastery of both the modern and the traditional skills required for survival in the Nunavut environment where he teaches. The overarching theme of survival is taught in the early grades and culminates at the senior level in a course delivered in Inuktitut. Students learn how to take care of themselves and others, and how to adapt what they know to the situation at hand. Survival requires not only skills and knowledge, but also a concept the Inuit people call qumiutit, or the ability in an emergency situation to pull out of stored memory information that will enable a person to cope, not panic. Traditionally, this was learned in a holistic manner, grounded in Inuit traditional guiding principles that were nurtured and developed from birth, and taught and reinforced in daily living. Throughout the term, Elijah took his students to an outdoor area to practise on-the-land survival activities, using both traditional and modern methods. He always took with him a knowledgeable Elder who could give the students the information they needed to store away in case of emergency. The students watched demonstrations of a skill a number of times. Each student then practised on his or her own, as Elijah and the Elder observed and assisted. Elijah knew that students need to have a high level of expertise in the survival skills appropriate for the northern natural environment. Elijah assessed each student on each survival skill (e. g. , making fire the traditional way, tying the knots required for the qamutik cross-pieces on a sled). What am I assessing? I am assessing each studentââ¬â¢s performance of traditional and modern survival skills. Why am I assessing? I want to know which survival skills each s tudent has mastered and their readiness to s urvive in the natural environment. 62 â⬠¢ Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mindà Chapter 5 Elijah knew that the best way to determine if students have mastered the skills is to have them perform them. When students believed they were ready, Elijah created an opportunity for them to demonstrate the mastered skill to a group of Elders, who then (individually, then in consensus) determined if the performance was satisfactory. A studentââ¬â¢s competence in a survival skill is often demonstrated by an end product. For example, competence in knot tying is demonstrated by a knot that serves its purpose, and competence in fire building is demonstrated by a fire that is robust. As the Elders judged each studentââ¬â¢s performance of the skills, Elijah recorded the results. He shared the information with each student and his or her parents in a final report, as shown here. Ho w can I use the informatio n from this assessment? Now that I know which skills each of the students has mastered, I can report this information to the s tudents and their parents. I can use this information to identify a learning path for each s tudent. How can I ensure quality in this assessment process? Ensuring quality with this approach involves clear criteria: either the student performs the skill s uccessfully or does not. I need to provide adequate opportunities for the s tudent to demonstrate the skills under various conditions and at various times. What assessment method should I use? I need an approach in which students can demonstrate the traditional survival skills that they learned. The method I choose should also allow me to identify which skills they did not master. Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind â⬠¢ 63 Assessment of Learning Shelters: â⬠¢ emergency shelters â⬠¢ igloo building4 â⬠¢ qamaq5 â⬠¢ tents Transportation needs: â⬠¢ making the knots required for the qamutik cross pieces on a sled â⬠¢ building a kayak/umiak. â⬠¢ fixing a snowmobile (spark plugs, repairing track, drive belt) â⬠¢ keeping a boat seaworthy Navigational issues: â⬠¢ reading the land â⬠¢ reading the sky â⬠¢ understanding seasonal variations â⬠¢ reading inuksuit â⬠¢ using GPS â⬠¢ map reading Preparation for land travel: â⬠¢ packing a qamutiq (sled) â⬠¢ load, balance â⬠¢ necessities: snow knife, rope, food, water, heat source â⬠¢ letting others know where you are going â⬠¢ necessary tools, supplies, snowmobile parts, fuel â⬠¢ using communication devices Food sources: â⬠¢ plants and their nutritional properties â⬠¢ hunting, skinning, and cutting up seal, caribou, etc. â⬠¢ kinds of food to take on the land,à and their nutritional properties ____________________ 4. Expertise in igloo building includes understanding of types of snow, the shape and fit of blocks, and the use of a snow- knife. 5. A qamaq is a rounded house, built of scrap wood or bones, and covered with skins, cardboard, or canvas. Report on Survival Skills Student: _______________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Traditional Survival Skills Modern Survival Skills Adaptability to the Seasons Attitude Success Next Steps 1) Skills Building a fire / means of keeping warm: â⬠¢ fuel sources â⬠¢ getting a spark â⬠¢ propane heaters, stoves â⬠¢ clothing. 2) Relationship to the Seasons Assessing conditions / recognizing danger signs: â⬠¢ seasonal changes â⬠¢ land changes â⬠¢ water changes â⬠¢ wind changes â⬠¢ weather changes Climatic changes: â⬠¢ weather changes and how this affects the land and water â⬠¢ knowledge of animals and their characteristics and behaviours 3) Attitudinal Influences (Having the right attitude to learn) â⬠¢ respect for the environment (cleaning up a campsite upon leaving, dealing with the remains of an animal, not over-hunting/fishing) â⬠¢ respect for Elders and their knowledge â⬠¢ ability to learn from Elders 64 â⬠¢ Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5. Elijahââ¬â¢s report identified which of the students had mastered the specified skills required to survive in the Nunavut environment. It outlined other areas (such as adaptability to the seasons and attitudinal influences) about which peers, parents, and family members would need to provide input before a comprehensive assessment could be made. The assessment also identified those students not yet ready to survive in the natural environment. But the Elders did not stop working with the students who did not reach mastery. Elders see learning as an individual path in which skills, knowledge, and attitudes are acquired along the way. If a particular skill was beyond the capability of a student, the Elders identified other areas where that person could contribute to the common good of the community, and was accepted for the gifts he or she brought to the group. In this way, the Elders helped Elijah differentiate the learning path for each of his students. SUMMARY OF PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Assessment for Learning Assessment as Learning Assessment of Learning Why Assess? to enable teachers to determine next steps in advancing student learning to guide and provide opportunities for each student to monitor and critically reflect on his or her learning, andà identify next steps Assess What? Each studentââ¬â¢s progress and learning needs in relation to the curricular outcomes each studentââ¬â¢s thinking about his or her learning, what strategies he or she uses to support or challenge that learning, and the mechanisms he or she uses to adjust and advance his or her learning What Methods? a range of methods in different modes that make studentsââ¬â¢ skills and understanding visible a range of methods in different modes that elicit studentsââ¬â¢ learning and metacognitive processes Ensuring Quality â⬠¢ accuracy and consistency of observations and interpretations of student learning. â⬠¢ clear, detailed learning expectations â⬠¢ accurate, detailed notes for descriptive feedback to each student â⬠¢ accuracy and consistency of studentââ¬â¢s self-reflection, self-monitoring, and self-adjustment â⬠¢ engagement of the student in considering and challenging his or her thinking â⬠¢ students record their own learning Using the Information â⬠¢ provide each student with accurate descriptive feedback to further his or her learning â⬠¢ differentiate instruction by continually checking where each student is in relation to the curricular outcomes â⬠¢ provide parents or guardians with descriptive feedback about studentà learning and ideas for support. â⬠¢ provide each student with accurate descriptive feedback that will help him or her develop independent learning habits â⬠¢ have each student focus on the task and his or her learning (not on getting the right answer) â⬠¢ provide each student with ideas for adjusting, rethinking, and articulating his or her learning â⬠¢ provide the conditions for the teacher and student to discuss alternatives â⬠¢ students report about their learning Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. â⬠¢ 65 Assessment of Learning to certify or inform parents or others of studentââ¬â¢s proficiency inà relation to curriculum learning outcomes the extent to which students can apply the key concepts, knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to the curricular outcomes a range of methods in different modes that assess both product and process â⬠¢ accuracy, consistency, and fairness of judgements based on high-quality information â⬠¢ clear, detailed learning expectations â⬠¢ fair and accurate summative reporting â⬠¢ indicate each studentââ¬â¢s level of learning â⬠¢ provide the foundation for discussions on placement or promotion â⬠¢ report fair, accurate, and detailed information that can be used to decide the next steps in a studentââ¬â¢s learning. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3542561388498483405.post-55109386248265899862019-11-14T11:18:00.001-08:002019-11-14T11:18:04.320-08:00Territoriality According to Elizabeth Cashdan :: Environment Nature EssaysTerritoriality According to Elizabeth Cashdan Elizabeth Cashdan addresses the question of territoriality among human forager groups, specifically comparing four Bushman groups. She argues that territoriality should occur only in places where the benefits will outweigh the costs. Introducing the scientific definition of territoriality in animals, she first claims that animals tend to be the most territorial when they have adequate food and other resources. It is when there is a severe lack of or abundance of resources that animals are not territorial. With a lack of food, territoriality tends to waste too much energy. In the case of an abundance of food, it is not worth defending that which is plentiful for animals. She points out predictability as another environmental factor: if a resource is unpredictable, then it is not economical to defend it. It is only worthwhile to defend a territory if there is high probability that the resources will still be available when they are wanted. However, the costs and benefits of being terr itorial not only depend on the environment, but also on the species and its characteristics. Humans, for instance, have a cranial capacity that far outweighs that of any other species. Our long-term memory, culture, and methods of communication must be taken into account when looking at the nature of our territoriality. Cashdan argues two main human mechanisms for controlling territory: "perimeter defense" and "reciprocal altruism" (p. 49), a way of social control. Perimeter defense consists of making simple boundaries, stating a clear break between two territories, and defending those boundaries to intruders. Some groups, such as the Vedda use this method in their relatively small territory. Any passing visitor would have to be escorted to the other side of the land and any intruders may be shot. Because of extensive human memory and information exchange, individual intruders are less likely to determine the consequences of trespassing themselves, thus the cost of defense for those defending is less. Social boundary defense is unique to the human species. Instead of physically defending the boundaries of the territory, groups will defend the boundaries of the social group. Some foraging groups will invite outsiders for greeting ceremonies to control movement between territories. The costs to such methods will include the energy put into these types of ceremonies and should not change will an increase in territory size or a decrease in resources. Harry Fairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02816333484435155121noreply@blogger.com0